Theoretical Calculations of the Surface Tension of Liquid Transition Metals

Abstract

The surface tension of pure liquid mercury in the temperature range 273 K to 523 K (0°C to 250 C°) was calculated using our previously reported equation. The results were compared with the experimental data and showed a good agreement. The surface tension of mercury decreases linearly with temperature, confirming a negative slope, and therefore shows the usual linear temperature dependence. The calculated surface excess entropy (0.21) is in excellent consistence with the experimental value (0.22). The surface tension also was calculated for many d-block metals (Ti, Zr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt) at their melting points. The calculated values were compared with the existing experimental data.Interfacial and surface properties of condensed matter phases are important from both fundamental and technological points of view. [1] Studies on surface properties and their relation to macro and microscopic phenomena have been done. [2][3][4][5][6] The surface energy and the work functions are the two most fundamental electronic properties of a metallic surface, and their determination is of great importance in the understanding of a wide range of surface phenomena. These two quantities can be calculated from the surface tension of liquid metals. [7] Based on the present experience, it may be argued that, for properties as difficult to assess experimentally as surface properties, theoretical calculations have reached a stage in which they may form the most consistent basis for a physical description of surface phenomena. The surface tension of liquid metals is an essential thermophysical property relating strongly to various phenomena associated with liquid metal processing operations. Many materials technologies are influenced by the surface tension of a liquid metal. In the field of process science, accurate and reliable data on the surface tension of all liquid metals are required.The model of the surface tension of liquid metals must be accurate and universal.We recently have derived a theoretical equation for the calculation of surface tension of pure liquid metals, which was applied for pure liquid Ga. [8] In continuation to this work, it was considered worthwhile to increase the success of our equation by applying it to other liquid metals. Therefore, this article describes a theoretical calculation of the surface tension of pure liquid mercury as a function of temperature. In addition, the manuscript reports the calculation of the surface tension of various d-block metals at their melting points, such as Ti, Zr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt. The obtained theoretical values are strictly compared with the experimental reported data.The theoretical consideration, here, is based on classical statistical thermodynamics formulation of Eyring and coworkers. [9][10][11] Their theory is focused on the assumption that the metal after melting acquires vacancies that are moving freely through the melt and that short-range order exists in the liquid. [9][10][11] The thermodynamic properties of th...

Electrowetting-actuated liquid metal for RF applications

“…Transmitting and receiving antennas were placed a distance of 1.45 cm apart, and the polarizer device placed directly between them ( 0.7 ≈ cm from each antenna). The antennas measure 27.6 mm in the direction of the E-field and 22.8 mm in the H-plane (629.28 mm 2 ), whereas the active area of the polarizer measures 1760 mm 2 . Signal amplitude values were obtained using an IFR AN930 spectrum analyzer.…”

Theoretical calculations of the surface tension of Ag(1−x)–Cu(x) liquid alloys

“…(1) was, previously, applied for calculating the surface tension of pure liquid metals such as gallium [24], bismuth [26] and mercury [27], in the frame work of Eyring statistical thermodynamic theory [28,29]:…”

“…The model for the calculation of the surface tension of pure liquid metals [24,26,27] is extended to be valid for binary liquid alloys [25]. The necessary model equations for calculating the surface tension of a liquid binary alloy are presented as follows:…”

Theoretical Study of a Thermophysical Property of Molten Semiconductors

“…Recently, an equation was derived for calculating the surface tension of pure liquid metals [15][16][17]. This equation may be applied for surface tension calculations of a nonmetal and a metalloid such as molten silicon and germanium.…”

“…In extension to the earlier work [15][16][17], this paper presents a theoretical calculation of the temperature dependence surface tension of molten silicon (1687-1825 K) and germanium (1211-1400 K). The model-calculated results showed reasonable consistency with the reported experiment measured.…”