The Zinc/Bromine Flow Battery

Rajarathnam, Gobinath Pillai; Vassallo, Anthony M.

doi:10.1007/978-981-287-646-1

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Another strategy is the use of additives in the form of electrochemical kinetics modifier ligands [115,116], conductivity-enhancing salts [46] and electroplating additives [117]. The Zn-Br 2 RFB is based on halogen complexing agents [46,47] and precipitation/crystallisation inhibitors can be deployed in VRFB electrolytes in to minimise thermal precipitation of solids [118][119][120]. Although ionic liquids allow access to redox couples outside the potential window of water [121], their use as solvents in RFBs is challenging, relatively few fulfilling the need for acceptable cost, stability and convenience in use.…”

Section: Ideal Characteristics Of Redox Flow Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further progress in ferricyanide systems will need careful consideration of speciation conditions, especially when HCN gas could be evolved in the unlikely event of the electrolyte becoming acid. Other electrolytes involve complex halide species, such as the Br-polysulfide [12,71], Zn-Br 2 (polybromide ions) [46,47], V-polyhalide (Br 2 Cl − ions) [81] and Zn-polyiodide [95]. In general, complexing agents are required so that halide produced during charge remains in the solution as a heavy complex, avoiding toxic halogen gas evolution.…”

Section: Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent books and monograph chapters have also assessed the state of RFB technology. For instance, summaries on the development, characteristics and challenges of the VRFB [42,43], Zn-based [44], Br 2 -polysulfide [45], and Zn-Br 2 [46,47] systems, as well as RFBs in general [48]. The recent contribution by Chalamala et al [29] focuses on some engineering considerations, explaining advances in flow field designs, mentioning key design features and the need for scalability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineering aspects of the design, construction and performance of modular redox flow batteries for energy storage

Arenas

León

Walsh

2017

Journal of Energy Storage

251

162

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Despite many studies and several extensive reviews of redox flow batteries (RFBs) over the last three decades, information on engineering aspects is scarce, which hinders progress with scale-up and implementation of this energy storage technology. This review summarises cell design requirements then critically considers design, construction and cell features together with their benefits and problems, leading to good practice through improved cell performance, knowledge and experience. Techniques for the characterisation of the reaction environment are illustrated by measurements of mass transport to (and from) electrode surfaces as a function of flow conditions, as well as pressure drop and electrolyte flow dispersion. The effect of design features on performance is illustrated by the effect of process conditions on the components of cell potential. Adequate attention to engineering aspects is seen to be critical to the effective performance of RFBs, particularly during scale-up and long-term operation. Techniques for the characterisation of reaction environment are summarised and a list of essential design and construction factors is provided. Finally, critical areas needing research and development are highlighted.

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Section: Ideal Characteristics Of Redox Flow Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Engineering aspects of the design, construction and performance of modular redox flow batteries for energy storage

Arenas

León

Walsh

2017

Journal of Energy Storage

251

162

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“…Given the high cost of lithium-based materials and their limited availability, the study of other alternative technologies is necessary due to the perpetual rise in the demand for safer rechargeable batteries, such as post-lithium [4] or redox-flow batteries. The zinc/bromine flow battery (ZBFB) is a promising technology, due to its low cost and high energy density [5]. A ZBFB (Figure 1) is a hybrid redox flow battery, in which a large part of the energy is stored in the form of metallic zinc, deposited on the anode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Performance of Zn/Br Flow Battery Using N-Methyl-N-Propylmorpholinium Bromide as Complexing Agent

Jiménez-Blasco¹,

Moreno²,

Cólera³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Redox flow batteries (RFB) are one of the most interesting technologies in the field of energy storage, since they allow the decoupling of power and capacity. Zinc–bromine flow batteries (ZBFB) are a type of hybrid RFB, as the capacity depends on the effective area of the negative electrode (anode), on which metallic zinc is deposited during the charging process. Gaseous bromine is generated at the positive electrode (cathode) during the charging process, so the use of bromine complexing agents (BCA) is very important. These BCAs are quaternary amines capable of complexation with bromine and generating an organic phase, immiscible with the aqueous electrolyte. One of the most commonly used BCAs in RFB technology is 4-methylethylmorpholinium bromide (MEM-Br). In this work, an alternative quaternary amine 4-methylpropylmorpholinium bromide (MPM-Br) was studied. MPM-Br was integrated into the electrolyte, and 200 charge–discharge cycles were performed on the resulting ZBFBs. The obtained results were compared with those when MEM-Br was used, and it was observed that the electrolyte with MPM-Br displays a higher resistance in voltage and higher energy efficiency, making it a promising alternative to MEM-Br.

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“…Zinc ions are converted to metallic zinc and bromide ions are converted to bromine and vice versa 23,36,65 . Main disadvantages include the high energetic costs of production and recycling 13,22 and possible safety issues related to toxic bromine 66,67 . A redox reaction between nickel oxide hydroxide and cadmium is the basis for the nickel cadmium (NiCd) battery 68 .…”

Section: Other Energy Storage Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration Gradient Flow Batteries : salinity gradient energy systems as environmentally benign largescale electricity storage

Egmond¹,

Johannes²

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Fast growth of intermittent renewable energy generation introduces a need for large scale electricity storage. The Concentration Gradient Flow Battery (CGFB) is an emerging technology which combines Electrodialysis with Reverse Electrodialysis into a flow battery which is able to safely store very large amounts of energy in environmental friendly NaCl solutions. In this work, (dis)charge efficiency, energy density and power density are both theoretically and experimentally investigated. Fifteen constant current experiments (-47.5 to +37.5 A m-2) are performed at 40 ˚C and two experiments (-32.5 and 15 A m-2) at 10 and 25 ˚C. The magnitudes of the three main energy dissipation sources (internal resistance, water transport and co-ion transport) are measured and mitigation strategies are proposed. The effect of current density, state of charge and temperature on the dissipation sources is analysed. Water transport is shown to cause hysteresis, lower (dis)charge efficiencies and lower energy capacity. At constant current and with increasing temperature, internal resistance is reduced but unwanted water transport is increased. This study reports charge efficiencies up to 58% and discharge efficiencies up to 72%. Full charge or discharge of the battery is shown inefficient. The optimal operating range is therefore introduced and identified (Δm > 0.5 and η > 0.4).

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The Zinc/Bromine Flow Battery

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Engineering aspects of the design, construction and performance of modular redox flow batteries for energy storage

Engineering aspects of the design, construction and performance of modular redox flow batteries for energy storage

Enhanced Performance of Zn/Br Flow Battery Using N-Methyl-N-Propylmorpholinium Bromide as Complexing Agent

Concentration Gradient Flow Batteries : salinity gradient energy systems as environmentally benign largescale electricity storage

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