The “writing on the cosmic wall”: Is there a straightforward explanation of the cosmic microwave background?

Fahr, H. J.; Zönnchen, J.

doi:10.1002/andp.200910365

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Nevertheless these kinds of models will have to prove themselves when they are applied to modern cosmological observations like the Supernova Ia data or the anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Backround (CMB). However the question remains if the CMB actually represents the matter distribution for a time of about 300000 years after the big bang, or if they should be interpreted in a different way under the conditions of mass-creating models (Fahr & Zoennchen, 2009 This book presents some aspects of the cosmological scientific odyssey that started last century. The chapters vary with different particular works, giving a versatile picture.…”

Section: Discussion and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised Concepts for Cosmic Vacuum Energy and Binding Energy: Innovative Cosmology

Fahr¹,

Sokaliwska²

2011

Aspects of Today's Cosmology

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Section: Discussion and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised Concepts for Cosmic Vacuum Energy and Binding Energy: Innovative Cosmology

Fahr¹,

Sokaliwska²

2011

Aspects of Today's Cosmology

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“…[12]; [13]). This cooling is expected to explain the present-day CMB temperature T (z = 0) = T 0 ≈ 2.7 K. For a Planck spectrum the energy density γ of the CMB photons and the associated photon number density n γ are given by the well known equations (see [14]; [15]):…”

Section: Energy Density Of Cosmic Photons After the Recombination Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

How are Cosmic Photons Redshifted?

Fahr¹,

Heyl²

2017

AdAp

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According to present cosmological views, the energy density of CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) photons, freely propagating through the expanding cosmos, varies proportional to 1/S 4 with S being the scale factor of the universe. This behavior is expected because General Theory of Relativity, in application to FLRW-(Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker) cosmological universes, leads to the conclusion that the photon wavelengths increase during their free passage through the spacetime metrics of the universe by the same factor as does the scale factor S. This appears to be a reasonable explanation for the presently observed Planckian CMB spectrum with its actual temperature of about 2.7 K, while at the time of its origin after the last scattering during the recombination phase its temperature should have been about 3000 K, at an epoch of about 380 ky after the Big Bang, when the scale of the universe Sr was smaller by roughly a factor of S/Sr = 1 + zr = 1100 compared to the present scale S = S0 of the universe. In this paper we start from putting the question whether the scale-behavior of the CMB energy density that enters the energy-momentum tensor of the field equations describing the expanding universe is really falling off like S −4 and, if in fact a deviation from a behavior according to S −4 would occur, why do we nevertheless presently observe a CMB energy density which appears to be in accordance with such a S −4 -scaling? This question arises from another basic and fundamental question, namely: Can we really assume that the wavelength of the freely propagating photon during its travel all the way along its light geodetic is permanently affected by the expansion of the universe, i.e continuously recognizes the expansion of the cosmic scale S? With other words: Do freely propagating photons really undergo a permanent change of their wavelengths when freely traveling through cosmic space-time or is the observationally apparent energy loss of cosmologically red-shifted photons an effect which only occurs just in the moment of photon registration at some specific world point? If the latter would prove to be true , then it would mean that the energy density of freely propagating, non-interacting CMB photons, due to non-changing, conserved wavelengths, is behaving with respect to cosmic scale variation different from conventional expectations, but rather would turn out to behave just like the energy density of matter, namely according to S −3 . Hence the photon part of the energy momentum tensor would become different and associated solutions of FLRW-equations would undergo corresponding modifications. In consequence, the CMB energy density as far as it enters the energy-momentum tensor generated by freely propagating CMB photons during the expansion period of the universe after the recombination era would no longer become negligible for the cosmic dynamics, since its value would stay in the same order of magnitude as that of baryonic or dark matter.

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“…According to the standard model of cosmology, the spectral character of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) photons created during the phase of recombination just before the last photon scattering, say at z r ≈ 1,100 under conventional CMB assumptions, can be described by a Planck distribution with a temperature T r ≈ 3000 K. Because of the expansion of the Universe, the wavelengths of the free CMB photons are usually assumed to increase, and only because of that the spectrum stays Planckian, since then the Planck temperature of the CMB photons decreases according to T(z) = (1 + z) ⋅ T 0 (see e.g., Fahr & Sokaliwska, 2015;Fahr & Zoennchen, 2009). This cooling is expected to explain the present-day CMB temperature T(z = 0) = T 0 ≈ 2.7 K. For a Planck spectrum, the energy density of the CMB photons and the associated photon number density n are given by the following well-known equations (see Peebles, 1993;Sciama, 1971):…”

Section: Energy Density Of Photons After the Recombination Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: New aspects of photon propagation in expanding universes

Fahr

Heyl

2017

Astron Nachr

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Background: Modern cosmology assumes that the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is a relict of the much hotter electromagnetic radiation field from the early recombination era of the universe. Its present very low radiation temperature T CMB = 2.735 K thereby is explained by the fact that the cosmic photons in the expanding universe undergo a wavelength stretching according to 𝜆/𝜆0 = S/S 0 , where S denotes the scale of the universe. The present-day CMB temperature hence simply expresses the factor by which the universe has grown since the recombination era. Materials and Methods: On the basis of well-known facts of Special and General Relativity (SRT and GRT), we reinvestigate the behavior of freely propagating cosmic photons in dynamic Robertson-Walker spacetime geometries and show that in the system of the propagating photon, due to the fact that no time lapses in this proper system, the photon does not change its initial state, that is, its wavelength and energy. We do, however, also show that the global beat of the time changes with the cosmic world time or the cosmic scale S. That means cosmic photons do not change their state, till they are registered by a local detector, that is, a local clock. Results: We claim that the energy density of cosmic photons which enters the energy-momentum tensor of Einstein's GRT field equations does not scale like S −4 as assumed in present-day cosmology, but like S −3 , that is, identically to the behavior of the energy densities of baryonic or dark matter, meaning that the energy density of photons in the present-day universe cannot be neglected, but counts substantially for the expansion history of the universe. Nevertheless, we show that cosmic photons measured with a present-day detector (local clock) locally will show their cosmological redshift, explaining the present-day CMB Planck spectrum with a Planck temperature of 2.735 K. Conclusions: As the energy density of cosmic photons cannot be neglected, their contribution in the GRT energy-momentum tensor is important over all phases of the expansion of the universe. They are thus acting identical to the way how dark matter acts and influences cosmic expansion. This means that the present-day claim for a dark matter contribution in cosmic expansion by Ω dark ≃ 0.23 can be substantially relaxed.

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The “writing on the cosmic wall”: Is there a straightforward explanation of the cosmic microwave background?

Cited by 17 publications

References 56 publications

Revised Concepts for Cosmic Vacuum Energy and Binding Energy: Innovative Cosmology

Revised Concepts for Cosmic Vacuum Energy and Binding Energy: Innovative Cosmology

How are Cosmic Photons Redshifted?

Retracted: New aspects of photon propagation in expanding universes

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