The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Classification of Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder

Epstein, Jonathan I.; Amin, Mahul B.; Reuter, Vincent; Mostofi, F. K.; Algaba, Ferrán; Allsbrook, William C.; Ayala, Alberto G.; Becich, Michael J.; Beltrán, Antonio; Boccon-Gibod, L; Bostwick, David G.; Busch, Christer; Davis, Charles J.; Eble, John N.; Foster, Christopher S.; Furusato, Masakuni; Grignon, David J.; Humphrey, Peter A.; Ishak, Elia A.; Johansson, Sonny L.; Jones, Edward C.; Koss, Leopold G.; Levin, Howard S.; Murphy, William M.; Petersen, Robert O.; Renshaw, Andrew A.; Ro, Jae Y.; Ross, Jeffrey R.; Sesterhenn, Isabell A.; Srigley, John R.; Suzigan, Sueli; Tomaszewski, John B.; Troncoso, Patricia; True, Lawrence D.; Weiss, Mark A.; Wheeler, Thomas M.; Young, Robert H.

doi:10.1097/00000478-199812000-00001

Cited by 1,440 publications

(957 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…44 These problems raise concerns about the practicality and validity of substaging pT1 carcinomas based on muscularis mucosae invasion, and currently this practice is not universally advocated. 45 Nevertheless, when feasible, pathologists should provide assessment for the extent of lamina propria invasion. Substaging of pT1 urothelial carcinoma arising from the trigone region is even more problematic ( Figure 10).…”

Section: Substaging Of Pt1 Bladder Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The type of muscle being invaded, whether muscularis mucosae (T1 carcinoma) or detrusor muscle invasion (T2 carcinoma), should be clearly stated. Although staging based on the level of muscularis mucosae invasion is not recommended, 45 an indication of the extent of invasion is of clinical interest and should be reported. The use of an ocular micrometer to measure the depth of invasion may be considered.…”

Section: Pathology Reportingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

et al. 2009

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Section: Substaging Of Pt1 Bladder Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathology Reportingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

et al. 2009

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“…Primary tumor histology was recorded from biopsy and surgical resections. Grading was performed at time of surgery with the use of the World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification [13] or the 1965 classification [14]. Given the different grading systems used during the span of our study, we standardized grade by classifying it into high and low grade for data analysis.…”

Section: Data Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic Impact of Comorbidity in Patients with Bladder Cancer

Megwalu¹,

Vlahiotis²,

Radwan³

et al. 2008

European Urology

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Objective-To determine the impact of comorbidity on survival of bladder cancer patients.Methods-The population included 675 patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer whose medical information was abstracted from a hospital cancer registry. Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27, a validated instrument, was used to prospectively categorize comorbidity. Independent variables assessed include comorbidity, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, grade, age, gender, and race. Outcome measure was overall survival. We analyzed the entire cohort, patients with noninvasive disease, and patients requiring cystectomy. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess impact of independent variables on survival.Results-Median age at diagnosis for the entire cohort was 71 yr and median follow-up was 45 mo. Of 675 patients, 446 had at least one comorbid condition and 301 died during follow-up. On multivariable analysis for the entire cohort, comorbidity (p = 0.0001), AJCC stage (p = 0.0001), age (p = 0.0001), and race (p = 0.0045) significantly predicted overall survival. On subset analysis of noninvasive bladder cancer patients, comorbidity (p = 0.0001) and age (p = 0.0001) independently predicted overall survival, whereas stage, grade, race, and gender did not. On subset analysis of cystectomy patients, comorbidity (p = 0.0053), stage (p = 0.0001), and race (p = 0.0449) significantly predicted overall survival.Conclusions-Comorbidity is an independent predictor of overall survival in the entire cohort of bladder cancer patients, the subset with noninvasive disease, and the subset treated with cystectomy.

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“…Tumors were staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor node metastasis (TNM) classification of malignant tumors 14 and graded according to the World Health Organization and International Society for Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) classification. 15 …”

Section: Tumor Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

CXCR4 expression reflects tumor progression and regulates motility of bladder cancer cells

Retz

Sidhu

Blaveri

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder remains life threatening due to the high occurrence of metastases. Emerging evidence suggests that chemokines and their receptors play a critical role in tumor metastases. In our study, we performed a systematic analysis of the mRNA and protein expression levels of all 18 chemokine receptors in normal urothelium and bladder cancer. CXCR4 was the only chemokine receptor whose mRNA expression level was upregulated in bladder cancer cell lines as well as in invasive and locally advanced bladder cancer tissue samples (pT2-pT4). In contrast, superficial bladder tumors (pTa and pT1) displayed low CXCR4 expression levels and normal urothelial cells were negative for CXCR4. Immunohistochemistry of a bladder cancer tissue microarray (TMA) confirmed that a subgroup of invasive bladder cancers revealed a high CXCR4 protein expression, while superficial bladder tumors showed low immunoreactivity. To investigate the functional significance of CXCR4 expression, we performed migration and invasion assays. Exposure of CXCR4-positive bladder cancer cells to CXCL12 in a Boyden chamber type assay provoked a significant increase in migration as well as invasion across a Matrigel barrier. Enhanced migration and invasion were inhibited by a CXCR4-specific blocking antibody. In contrast, normal urothelial cells did not respond to CXCL12 and lacked chemotactic migration. In conclusion, bladder cancer cells express CXCR4 progressively with advanced tumorigenesis and this receptor interacts with CXCL12 to mediate tumor chemotaxis and invasion through connective tissue. These properties identify CXCR4 as a potential target for the attenuation of bladder cancer metastases. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: chemokine; bladder cancer; metastasis; migration; invasion Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is the most frequent tumor of the urinary tract. Despite advances in early detection and therapy, bladder cancer remains life threatening due to the high occurrence of metastases. Radical cystectomy is the preferred treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the United States, Japan and some countries of Europe. However, at least 50% of patients with locally advanced disease are expected to develop systemic progression within 3 years. 1 Patients suffering from metastatic bladder cancer are commonly treated with systemic chemotherapy. Analyzing survival rates from standard chemotherapy schedules such as M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin), results are more or less discouraging. In the Loehrer trial, only 5 of 133 (3.7%) of the patients randomized to M-VAC were alive at the 6-year follow-up time. These results indicate that patients with systemic metastases continue to be incurable by chemotherapy. 2,3 Despite the fact that it is the metastases rather than the primary tumors that cause most cancer deaths, there has been little progress in identifying drugs to specifically block metastases.Metastasis is not a simple phenomenon, but a highly organized process com...

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The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Classification of Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder

Cited by 1,440 publications

References 24 publications

Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Prognostic Impact of Comorbidity in Patients with Bladder Cancer

CXCR4 expression reflects tumor progression and regulates motility of bladder cancer cells

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