The winner takes it all: Internal migration, education and wages in Ethiopia

Abstract

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Formal Education and Migration Aspirations in Ethiopia

“…These data are nationally representative, but only capture migration across zonal borders, not movement within zones and woredas, thus underestimating the extent of internal migration and missing important processes of small‐scale urbanization happening within traditionally rural, agrarian areas . Nevertheless, these data provide an initial sketch of internal mobility patterns over the last two decades, to complement a small but growing literature on internal migration in Ethiopia (see Blunch and Laderchi ).…”

“…In general, those moving to or leaving urban areas tend to be more highly educated than rural‐rural migrants and non‐migrants (Table ; Figure ). Other studies in Ethiopia have found that internal migrants tend to be more highly educated than non‐migrants (Tegegne and Penker ; Bezu and Holden ), and Blunch and Laderchi () found that migrants obtain higher returns to their education than non‐migrants. These authors note that in, addition to economic opportunity, educational facilities in urban areas can be an attractive factor.…”

Unmet need for family planning after internal migration: Analysis of Ethiopia 2017–2018 PMA survey data

“…Increased wealth may increase unmet need or increase contraceptive use, as higher socio‐economic status is positively associated with a preference for smaller family size (Adebowale & Palamuleni, 2014). Other economic analyses of migration in Ethiopia have demonstrated that returns to education are greater for those who migrate to urban areas (Blunch & Laderchi, 2015; de Brauw, Mueller, & Woldehanna, 2018). While migration in sub‐Saharan Africa has been characterised by circulation of refugees and seasonal labour migrants throughout regions, the brain drain of more highly educated and skilled migrants from rural to urban areas or to wealthier countries within regions is also a common phenomenon (Adepoju, 2006, 2008).…”

The Rapid Urban Growth Triad: A New Conceptual Framework for Examining the Urban Transition in Developing Countries

“…In the case of the latter, research has shown that higher educational attainment is often accompanied by increased earning potential and more ambitious aspirations; resulting in a tendency among educated rural inhabitants to migrate to urban areas in search of new opportunities [81]. Evidence of this can be seen in a recent analysis of a nationally representative household survey in Ethiopia, which found that internal migrants had both a higher level of education and higher earning potential than their non-migrant counterparts [82]. Given that reclassification is accompanied by improvements in the standard of living, one can also imagine a situation where public health investment results in lower mortality rates, leading to further natural increase and a larger stock of future migrants.…”