The wheat powdery mildew genome shows the unique evolution of an obligate biotroph

Wicker, Thomas; Oberhaensli, Simone; Parlange, Francis; Buchmann, Jan P.; Shatalina, Margarita; Roffler, Stefan; Ben‐David, Roi; Doležel, Jaroslav; Šimková, Hana; Schulze‐Lefert, Paul; Spanu, Pietro D.; Bruggmann, Rémy; Amselem, Joëlle; Quesneville, Hadi; Themaat, Emiel Ver Loren van; Paape, Timothy; Shimizu, Kentaro; Keller, Beat

doi:10.1038/ng.2704

Cited by 225 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…41 and Supplementary Note). As B. graminis has a maximum of one sexual cycle per year 4 , we conclude that B.g. triticale originated after the introduction of triticale as a commercial crop in the 1960s, possibly multiple times, and since then different isolates have undergone a different number of sexual generations.…”

Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Triticale was initially resistant to powdery mildew; however, this pathogen was first observed on triticale in 2001 and has since become a major disease in Europe 1,2 . We sequenced 46 isolates of B. graminis (including the 96224 reference isolate 4 ) from different European countries and Israel (Supplementary Table 1) with host ranges corresponding to four different formae speciales, including the previously described rye (B.g. secalis) and wheat (B.g.…”

Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tritici and B. graminis f. sp. hordei diverged approximately 6 million years ago 4 , whereas their hosts, wheat and barley, respectively, diverged at least 2 million years earlier 9 . An alternative explanation could be a recent host jump from wheat to rye or vice versa, followed by the rapid emergence of barriers to gene flow.…”

Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…triticale isolates encoded putative effectors (proteins that are secreted into the host cell to facilitate pathogen proliferation) (Supplementary Table 6 and Supplementary Note). In B. graminis, effectors are typically small proteins with short, characteristic motifs that can be identified bioinformatically 4 (through the presence of signal peptide and lack of homology with the protein domains of other organisms). However, transcriptome profiling of B.g.…”

Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybridization of powdery mildew strains gives rise to pathogens on novel agricultural crop species

et al. 2016

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Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybridization of powdery mildew strains gives rise to pathogens on novel agricultural crop species

et al. 2016

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“…Previous studies have established that L. maculans possesses a high evolutionary potential and rapidly evolves to overcome host resistance (Chapter 3; Barrins et al, 2004;Rouxel et al, 2011;Travadon et al, 2011;Dilmaghani et al, 2012;Zander et al, 2013;Grandaubert et al, 2014b;Patel et al, 2015). Gene loss via deletion is an effective method of adaptation employed by several fungal pathogens like Magnaporthe oryzae (Couch et al, 2005), Blumeria graminis (Wicker et al, 2013), including L. maculans (Gout et al, 2006b;Fudal et al, 2007). We hypothesised that one of the major causes for gene loss in this pathogen would be deletion in known effector genes and other pathogenicity related or unknown effectors, to overcome host recognition.…”

Section: Overcoming Host Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Population diversity and genomics of the fungal pathogen of canola Leptosphaeria maculans

Patel¹

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Canola (Brassica napus) is an important agricultural crop in Australia. Its value as an agricultural commodity has dramatically increased over the past few years to >$2000 million (AUD) in 2015.However, the production of this prosperous crop is threatened by up to 34 different pests, including fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens. Diseases caused by these pathogens lead to substantial crop losses that collectively amount to $130 million (AUD) each year. Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg) is a ubiquitous ascomycete fungus that is the major causal agent of disease on canola plants. It is called blackleg due to its necrotrophic effects that cause stem canker at the base of the stem during the last stages of infection. When canola was first introduced to Australia as an agricultural crop in the 1970s, blackleg disease led to almost 90% crop losses, threatening to drive the nascent canola industry in Australia to the ground. In recent years, crop losses still amount to $76.6 million (AUD) per annum. Therefore, it is imperative to devise methods to control the devastating effects of this pathogen to protect this economically significant crop. In order to do so, we must decipher the genomic content that drives this pathogen to cause large-scale infections in the field.Blackleg disease is a major concern not only in Australia, but also in other parts of the world such as Europe and Canada. Over the past few years, scientists have made significant advances in decoding the genome of this pathogen. It has been established that L. maculans interacts in a genefor-gene manner with its host. It is composed of disease-causing avirulence (Avr) genes that are specifically recognised by the corresponding resistance (R) gene in the host plant. The specific location and characterisation of the Avr genes AvrLm1, AvrLm6, AvrLm4-7, AvrLm11, AvrLmJ1, AvrLm2 and AvrLm3 has been determined. Furthermore, the reference genome for this pathogen was sequenced in 2011. The reference genome based on the strain v23.1.3 is 45.12 Mb and is scaffolded onto 76 supercontigs. It was reported to be bipartite in nature, composed of AT and GCrich blocks and riddled with truncated copies of transposable elements (TEs) that were affected by Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutations. The availability of a reference genome has greatly assisted in designing bioinformatics tools to analyse the genomic content of this pathogen. Here we contribute to the growing pool of knowledge of blackleg genomics.This thesis begins by shedding light on the population diversity of this pathogen in Australia. We used Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and sampled a large variety of isolates from different canola-growing regions across Australia. We were able to conclude that the Australian blackleg population is panmictic in nature, where members of the population interact randomly with one another, leading to high diversity via sexual reproduction. Increased genetic diversity amongst the population contributes significantly to increase the evolutionary potential of thi...

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Biotrophic Fungi (Powdery Mildews, Rusts, and Smuts)

Duplessis

Spanu

Schirawski

2013

The Ecological Genomics of Fungi

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The wheat powdery mildew genome shows the unique evolution of an obligate biotroph

Cited by 225 publications

References 41 publications

Hybridization of powdery mildew strains gives rise to pathogens on novel agricultural crop species

Hybridization of powdery mildew strains gives rise to pathogens on novel agricultural crop species

Population diversity and genomics of the fungal pathogen of canola Leptosphaeria maculans

Biotrophic Fungi (Powdery Mildews, Rusts, and Smuts)

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