Biotrophic Fungi (Powdery Mildews, Rusts, and Smuts)

Duplessis, Sébastien; Spanu, Pietro; Schirawski, Jan

doi:10.1002/9781118735893.ch7

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Many CAZymes play a role in plant cell-wall degradation and can be important virulence factors in necrotrophic fungi. Reductions in CAZymes genes have been observed in biotrophic pathogens and are thought to be an adaptation to reduce the exposure of molecular patterns, which can trigger host defenses (Duplessis et al, 2014;Goulet and Saville, 2017). Moreover, CAZyme loss can occur during host shifts, such as from plant to animal or insect hosts (Zhang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Distinct Cazyme Gene Loss In a Pathogenic Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomics analyses of lifestyle transitions at the origin of an invasive fungal pathogen in the genusCryphonectria

Stauber

Prospero

Croll

2020

Preprint

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Emerging fungal pathogens are a threat to forest and agroecosystems, as well as animal and human health. How pathogens evolve from non-pathogenic ancestors is still poorly understood making the prediction of future outbreaks challenging. Most pathogens have evolved lifestyle adaptations, which were enabled by specific changes in the gene content of the species. Hence, understanding transitions in the functions encoded by genomes gives valuable insight into the evolution of pathogenicity. Here, we studied lifestyle evolution in the genus Cryphonectria, including the prominent invasive pathogen C. parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight on Castanea species. We assembled and compared the genomes of pathogenic and putatively non-pathogenic Cryphonectria species, as well as sister group pathogens in the family Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales, Ascomycetes) to investigate the evolution of genome size and gene content. We found a striking loss of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism (CAZymes) in C. parasitica compared to other Cryphonectriaceae. Despite substantial CAZyme gene loss, experimental data suggests that C. parasitica has retained wood colonization abilities shared with other Cryphonectria species. Putative effectors substantially varied in number, cysteine content and protein length among species. In contrast, secondary metabolite gene clusters show a high degree of conservation within the genus. Overall, our results underpin the recent lifestyle transition of C. parasitica towards a more pathogenic lifestyle. Our findings suggest that a CAZyme loss may have promoted pathogenicity of C. parasitica on chestnuts. Analyzing gene complements underlying key nutrition modes can facilitate the detection of species with the potential to emerge as pathogens.

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Section: Distinct Cazyme Gene Loss In a Pathogenic Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomics analyses of lifestyle transitions at the origin of an invasive fungal pathogen in the genusCryphonectria

Stauber

Prospero

Croll

2020

Preprint

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“…fusiforme (Cqf). Common trends for Cqf and other rust species are species-, family-or order-specific candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) resulting from species-specific gene duplications (Duplessis et al, 2013;Pendleton et al, 2014). Melampsora lini Avr gene homologs are only found in M. larici-populina and are therefore family-specific effectors, whereas RTP1 effector homologs are conserved across rust fungi (Fernandez et al, 2012;Pretsch et al, 2013).…”

Section: Effector Complementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism

2015

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1207I.1208II.1209III.1211IV.1217V.1218VI.1219VII.1221VIII.12241224References1224 Summary Research on obligate biotrophic plant parasites, which reproduce only on living hosts, has revealed a broad diversity of filamentous microbes that have independently acquired complex morphological structures, such as haustoria. Genome studies have also demonstrated a concerted loss of genes for metabolism and lytic enzymes, and gain of diversity of genes coding for effectors involved in host defense suppression. So far, these traits converge in all known obligate biotrophic parasites, but unexpected genome plasticity remains. This plasticity is manifested as transposable element (TE)‐driven increases in genome size, observed to be associated with the diversification of virulence genes under selection pressure. Genome expansion could result from the governing of the pathogen response to ecological selection pressures, such as host or nutrient availability, or to microbial interactions, such as competition, hyperparasitism and beneficial cooperations. Expansion is balanced by alternating sexual and asexual cycles, as well as selfing and outcrossing, which operate to control transposon activity in populations. In turn, the prevalence of these balancing mechanisms seems to be correlated with external biotic factors, suggesting a complex, interconnected evolutionary network in host–pathogen–microbe interactions. Therefore, the next phase of obligate biotrophic pathogen research will need to uncover how this network, including multitrophic interactions, shapes the evolution and diversity of pathogens.

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“…Progress has been made in the last decade, from sequencing rust fungi genomes with whole-genome shotgun strategies using the Sanger sequencing technology to NGS (Table 6.1) (Duplessis, Spanu, & Schirawski, 2014). This first generation of genome sequences has provided genome assemblies of great quality, despite a low-depth coverage due to the high cost of this technology compared with the more-recent next-generation sequencing techniques.…”

Section: Sequencing Genomes Of Rust Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%