The Weather Factor in Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemics

Smith, L.P.; Hugh‐Jones, Martin

doi:10.1038/223712a0

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Other potential sources of infectious FMDV aerosols were not ruled out by this study, nor by an earlier study [67] that reported more virus recovered from the noses of animal handlers examining the head relative to other handlers examining other body regions. 2 Measurements reported here were taken near human habitats. Skin cells may not contribute significantly to the total atmospheric aerosol burden at locations well removed from human/animal habitation (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Dillon

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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This review examines whether exfoliated, virus-infected animal skin cells could be an important source of infectious foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) aerosols. Infectious material rafting on skin cell aerosols is an established means of transmitting other diseases. The evidence for a similar mechanism for FMDV is: (i) FMDV is trophic for animal skin and FMDV epidermis titres are high, even in macroscopically normal skin; (ii) estimates for FMDV skin cell aerosol emissions appear consistent with measured aerosol emission rates and are orders of magnitude larger than the minimum infectious dose; (iii) the timing of infectious FMDV aerosol emissions is consistent with the timing of high FMDV skin concentrations; (iv) measured FMDV aerosol sizes are consistent with skin cell aerosols; and (v) FMDV stability in natural aerosols is consistent with that expected for skin cell aerosols. While these findings support the hypothesis, this review is insufficient, in and of itself, to prove the hypothesis and specific follow-on experiments are proposed. If this hypothesis is validated, (i) new FMDV detection, management and decontamination approaches could be developed and (ii) the relevance of skin cells to the spread of viral disease may need to be reassessed as skin cells may protect viruses against otherwise adverse environmental conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The airborne pathway is suspected to play a key role in some outbreaks by causing disease 'sparks' (i.e. disease spread to regions remote from a primary infection site) [2,3]. If not detected in a timely fashion, such sparks can lead to major outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Dillon

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Figure 1 summarizes the spatial distribution of all affected herds and flocks in the Worcester area. Since proximity and wind direction (Smith & Hugh-Jones, 1969;Wright, 1969;Tinline, 1969) can be the most important factors in the spread of FMD, we were able to establish that the spread of disease on 15 and 16 November from farm 1 was probably responsible for the majority of subsequent outbreaks; those on farms 4-17, [19][20][21][22][23][24]26 and 27. The temporal distribution of first noted disease in these flocks and herds is given in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies on the 1967–68 foot and mouth disease epidemic: incubation period and herd serial interval

Hugh‐Jones¹,

Tinline

1976

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe incubation period during this epidemic was studied using both a spectral analysis-cum-filtering method and analysis of case histories. Using spectral analysis, the modal herd serial interval was estimated to be 8-10 days based on the record of the daily number of outbreaks and an adjusted cattle series. The case histories tended to confirm these estimates but indicated that the serial interval varied considerably between species. The filtering method revealed that the herd serial interval apparently changed during the epidemic. For the first 4 weeks the interval was 8 days, while in the latter stages it was about 2 weeks.

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“…The same report described the spread of disease (see later). Smith & Hugh-Jones (1969) examined the epidemic in detail and reported on the weather elements involved. In the light of recent findings on the factors involved in airborne spread of footand-mouth disease (Sellers & Parker, 1969;Donaldson, Herniman, Parker & Sellers, 1970; Sellers, Donaldson & Herniman, 1970; Sellers, 1971; Sellers, Herniman & Donaldson, 1971; Barlow, 1972;Donaldson, 1972;Sellers & Herniman, 1972), we decided to re-examine the course of the epidemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of the epidemic in Great Britain in 1967-1968 a number of studies of the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in that epidemic and in others has appeared (Henderson, 1969;Smith & Hugh-Jones, 1969;Wright, 1969;HughJones & Wright, 1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1967

Sellers

Forman

1973

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYAn analysis was made of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the epidemic in Hampshire in January and February 1967. To explain the pattern of spread, it had to be postulated that virus was present seven days before the first outbreak was reported. It is suggested that the disease occurred initially in pigs fed on infected meat and that the virus was subsequently disseminated from the local abattoir, where the pigs were killed, to four farms by movement of animals, slaughterhouse waste, people or vehicles, and to fifteen by the airborne route. Subsequent spread from these farms was by movement in two instances and by the airborne route in five. The source and route of infection of the last farm in the outbreak were not determined.The risk of spread through movement was associated more with carriage of infected slaughterhouse waste, movement of animals, people or vehicles carrying animals than through collection of milk, artificial insemination or movement of other types of vehicles. Outbreaks of disease among pigs gave rise to more secondary spread than outbreaks in cattle. Secondary outbreaks attributed to airborne spread occurred only in ruminants. Most airborne spread was into areas of high livestock density and cattle in the larger herds became infected. Airborne spread could be correlated with wind direction and speed but not with rain. The reduction in the number of outbreaks at the end of the epidemic could be attributed to the elimination of the largest sources of virus, the control of movements and the fact that in all instances except two the wind was blowing virus over towns and out to sea, to areas of low stock density and to areas where animals had been killed.

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The Weather Factor in Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemics

Cited by 48 publications

References 1 publication

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Studies on the 1967–68 foot and mouth disease epidemic: incubation period and herd serial interval

The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1967

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