2011
DOI: 10.1017/s0014479711000421
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THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAOL.): A REVIEW

Abstract: The results of research into the water relations of cocoa are reviewed in the context of drought mitigation and irrigation need. Background information on the centres of production of the cocoa tree, and the role of water in crop development and growth processes, is followed by reviews of the effects of water stress on stomatal conductance, leaf water status and gas exchange, together with drought tolerance, crop water use and water productivity. Leaf and shoot growth occur in a series of flushes, which are sy… Show more

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Cited by 147 publications
(127 citation statements)
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“…The reason why cocoa is not usually grown in the savanna is mostly because it is drier, not because it is hotter than the rainforest zone; the rainforest zone of Malaysia, which is about 2°C hotter than that of West Africa, is very suitable for growing cocoa (Wood and Lass, 2001). Similarly, the expected temperature increase of the next several decades, with little change in rainfall, will presumably affect cocoa not so much directly via heat stress as indirectly via the increase in ETP and thus decrease in water availability to the crop (Anim- Kwapong and Frimpong, 2005;Carr and Lockwood 2011). In this sense cocoa is different, for example, from Arabica coffee where there is a direct temperature effect because coffee quality, and thus its price, is highly sensitive to ambient temperature (Läderach et al, 2010).…”
Section: Adaptation Of the Climate Model To Cocoa Ecophysiologymentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The reason why cocoa is not usually grown in the savanna is mostly because it is drier, not because it is hotter than the rainforest zone; the rainforest zone of Malaysia, which is about 2°C hotter than that of West Africa, is very suitable for growing cocoa (Wood and Lass, 2001). Similarly, the expected temperature increase of the next several decades, with little change in rainfall, will presumably affect cocoa not so much directly via heat stress as indirectly via the increase in ETP and thus decrease in water availability to the crop (Anim- Kwapong and Frimpong, 2005;Carr and Lockwood 2011). In this sense cocoa is different, for example, from Arabica coffee where there is a direct temperature effect because coffee quality, and thus its price, is highly sensitive to ambient temperature (Läderach et al, 2010).…”
Section: Adaptation Of the Climate Model To Cocoa Ecophysiologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the priority measures to reduce the vulnerability of the West African cocoa sector to climate change is the initiation of breeding programs for greater drought resistance (Carr and Lockwood, 2011). For being effective, these need to be combined with programs to put selected germplasm in the hands of the cocoa farmers, who still commonly use local seeds for planting.…”
Section: Preparing For Climate Changementioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Tanaman kakao dikategorikan sebagai tanaman yang sensitif terhadap kekeringan (Carr & Lockwood, 2011). Kondisi defisit air akan lebih berpengaruh negatif terhadap hasil biji daripada pertumbuhan kakao (Moser et al, 2010).…”
Section: Pendahuluanunclassified
“…Cocoa tree is a sylvatic plant which is known to be sensitive to drought, though quantitative information about the hydric relationship of cultivated plants is scarce [11]. Cocoa has played a fundamental role in wood conservation and biodiversity both in a positive and in a negative way.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%