The Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum Measured by 1 H-NMR

Yamamura, Tatsuo; Tezuka, Tadashi

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277392

Cited by 59 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Normal SC contains approximately 15% water and 70% protein, which is different from the composition of a keratinocyte in viable epidermis (approximately 70% water and 15% protein) [18]. This constitutes a significant drop in the water content between the stratum granulosum and the stratum compactum.…”

Section: Sc Composition and Ph Gradientmentioning

confidence: 90%

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

Parra¹,

Paye²

2003

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

185

181

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The pH of the skin follows a sharp gradient across the stratum corneum (SC), which is suspected to play an important role in controlling the enzymatic activities involved in cellular metabolism and renewal. This gradient is maintained by several systems, such as sweat and sebum secretion and degradation as well as cellular metabolism. At the surface of the skin, what is measured is in fact an apparent skin pH due to extracted material from the SC diffusing into water applied at the surface. pH values recorded at the surface of a semi hydrophobic milieu such as the SC should be interpreted with great caution because it is obvious that hydrogen ions are not in a pure solution at the surface of the skin. For a correct measurement of skin surface pH, it is recommended to follow all practical operating conditions. Care must be taken in identifying the skin site, healthy controls (age, gender, skin type), the time of day of the measurement and the environmental conditions. Also, subjects should receive precise instructions before the test, mainly in terms of hygiene procedure or use of topical products. The interpretation of data should not overlook the fact that even small differences in pH may reflect significant modifications at the molecular level. Although it is usually agreed that the pH of the skin surface may influence the cutaneous microflora, much remains to be learnt about the role of the acid mantle of the skin with regard to defensins and other protective mechanisms.

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Section: Sc Composition and Ph Gradientmentioning

confidence: 90%

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

Parra¹,

Paye²

2003

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

185

181

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“…during the evaporation of bound water from the skin. Indeed, the first part of the curve (~ 10 min) is charac terized by the evaporation of free water [13], CM extrac tion removes mainly ceramides and other polar lipids such as sphingomyelin: these substances can bind water in the stratum corneum and maintain its water holding properties as shown in in vitro studies [3]. Furthermore.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ceramidcs and free fatty acids. Exposure to lipid sol vents has been shown in vitro to reduce the water holding properties of the stratum corneum [3]; in vivo studies are restricted by the irritant effects of solvents on skin and by environmental factors that interfere with measurements. We have used two mixtures of solvents to compare the effects of different lipid extractions after short-term appli cation on the skin and measured the water holding capacity (WHS) using the plastic occlusion stress test (POST).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastic Occlusion Stress Test as a Model to Investigate the Effects of Skin Delipidization on the Stratum corneum Water Holding Capacity in vivo

1993

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The purpose of the study was to develop an in vivo model to study the effects of lipid removal on skin barrier. 16 subjects (age 41 ± 8) were delipidized in vivo on the volar forearm using respectively ether/acetone (EA; 1:1) and chloroform/ methanol (CM; 2:1). A third site served as control. Water holding capacity (WHC) was measured according to the plastic occlusion stress test (POST) procedure: the water desorption curve after removal of the occlusion was recorded in terms of skin surface water loss (SSWL) using and evaporimeter for 30 min. In the central part of the evaporation curve (bound water) the CM-treated site is significantly different from control and EA-treated sites (p < 0.01). The SSWL decay constants reflecting the desorption rate of water from SC are higher in the CM-treated site (p < 0.01). The data are consistent with the effect of CM delipidization (polar lipids) on bound water. No differences are recorded in the evaporation of free water. We conclude that polar lipids have a key role in modulating barrier function and WHC of the stratum corneum. The POST can represent a useful in vivo model to study the effects of lipid extraction on skin function.

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“…Although the SC consists of dead corneocytes that are differentiated from epidermal keratinocytes, it plays a pivotal biological role in the permeability barrier function of the skin and in the waterholding capacity that makes the skin smooth and flexible. The nature of the interaction between water and the SC influences the water-holding capacity of the latter [11] , which can be evaluated in vivo [12,13] . Recently, we established a simple method for evaluating carbonyl protein in the SC, which shows that carbonylated protein levels in the SC are negatively correlated with water content in vivo [14] .…”

Section: Iwai/hiraomentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Carbonyls Damage the Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum

Iwai

Hirao²

2008

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Acrolein is a degradation product of lipid peroxide as well as a well-known environmental pollutant. As a hallmark of oxidatively damaged protein, protein carbonyl, including acrolein-protein adduct, has been observed in the skin. However, the influence of protein carbonylation on the stratum corneum (SC) has not yet been clarified. Objectives: We explored the influence of oxidative protein modification, focusing on the major function of the SC, the water-holding capacity, by introducing experimental protein carbonylation. Methods: The level of carbonyls in the SC was evaluated by reaction with a labeled hydrazide. The water-holding capacities of the SC or keratin gels were evaluated by measurement of the surface conductance. The bound water (nonfreezing water) content in the SC was measured by the heat of fusion of frozen SC. Results: Acrolein caused protein carbonylation, decreased the water-holding capacity and the bound water of the porcine SC in vitro. The water-holding capacity of the keratin gels prepared from human SC was also decreased by acrolein in vitro. Water content in the human SC in vivo was decreased by sodium hypochlorite and accompanied by the increase in carbonyls. Conclusion: Exposure of SC to the oxidative environment damages the water-holding capacity of the SC through the modification of protein-water interaction.

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The Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum Measured by 1 H-NMR

Cited by 59 publications

References 22 publications

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

Plastic Occlusion Stress Test as a Model to Investigate the Effects of Skin Delipidization on the Stratum corneum Water Holding Capacity in vivo

Protein Carbonyls Damage the Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum

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