The water balance of the Dead Sea: an integrated approach

Al‐Weshah, Radwan A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(200001)14:1<145::aid-hyp916>3.0.co;2-n

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Recent studies showed that Dead Sea evaporation rate varied from 1.05 to 2.0 m/year for the current salinity (Stanhill [31]; Alpert et al [32]; Salameh and El-Naser [16] and Lensky et al [33]). These values which based on water and heat balance calculations were in contrary with other studies that estimated the evaporation rate at the Dead Sea from 1.30 to 1.54 m (Al-Weshah, [34]).…”

Section: Dead Sea -Red Sea Water Mixing Experimental Site and Samplingcontrasting

confidence: 99%

Mixing of Dead Sea and Red Sea waters and changes in their physical properties

Khlaifat

Batarseh

Nawayseh³

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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The present work emphasizes on the changes in the Red Sea and Dead Sea mixed waters physical properties including: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, density, salinity and viscosity. It focuses on the impacts of changes in mixed water quality on the Dead Sea ecosystem and the current industrial activities. The pilot project site consisted of six water ponds (tanks) located next to Arab Potash Company point of intake about 100 m south of the Dead Sea shores. The Red Sea-Dead Sea water mixing was controlled and done based on the expected mixing ratios between Red Sea and Dead Sea waters to mimic the potential actual situation associated with Red Sea-Dead Sea project conduit. All measured properties of mixed water bodies in tanks 1 to 5 tend to behave differently from similar Dead Sea water (tank 6) properties. The properties variations depend on the rate of diluting the Dead Sea water by Red Sea water and rejected brine. The least altered physical properties were observed when the Red Sea concentrated brine was added to the Dead Sea water (tank 5). The obtained results show that transferring Red Sea water to Dead Sea would lead to dilution of Dead Sea brine and affects significantly the investigated mixed water physical properties. Water mixing project is expected to cease the halite precipitation phenomenon due to the development of stratification in the Dead Sea and halite dissolution. Based on the industrial needs for the Dead Sea brine with its current physical properties, it is recommended to add rejected brine only to the Dead Sea due to its minimal effect on physical properties variations.

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Section: Dead Sea -Red Sea Water Mixing Experimental Site and Samplingcontrasting

confidence: 99%

Mixing of Dead Sea and Red Sea waters and changes in their physical properties

Khlaifat

Batarseh

Nawayseh³

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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“…The base flows that we measured during the drought years of 2000–2001 (500–1100 L s −1 ) are about 40 times lower than the historical flow rates. These discharge values are even lower than recent published estimates (e.g., Al‐Washah, 2000). While the intensive water use by the regional countries is responsible for the general discharge decrease, drought conditions reduce it further, resulting in local drying events.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 68%

Quantifying Ground Water Inputs along the Lower Jordan River

et al. 2005

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The flow rate of the Lower Jordan River has changed dramatically during the second half of the 20th century. The diversion of its major natural sources reduced its flow rate and led to drying events during the drought years of 2000 and 2001. Under these conditions of low flow rates, the potential influence of external sources on the river discharge and chemical composition became significant. Our measurements show that the concentrations of chloride, calcium, and sodium in the river water decrease along the first 20-km section, while sulfate and magnesium concentrations increase. These variations were addressed by a recent geochemical study, suggesting that ground water inflow plays a major role. To further examine the role of ground water, we applied mass-balance calculations, using detailed flow rate measurements, water samplings, and chemical analyses along the northern (upstream) part of the river. Our flow-rate measurements showed that the river base-flow during 2000 and 2001 was 500 to 1100 L s(-1), which is about 40 times lower than the historical flow rates. Our measurements and calculations indicate that ground water input was 20 to 80% of the river water flow, and 20 to 50% of its solute mass flow. This study independently identifies the composition of possible end-members. These end-members contain high sulfate concentration and have similar chemical characteristics as were found in agricultural drains and in the "saline" Yarmouk River. Future regional development plans that include the river flow rate and chemistry should consider the interactions between the river and its shallow ground water system.

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“…Before the 1950s the Dead Sea had received about 1,300 million cubic meters per year (MCM/year) of good quality freshwater from its major contributor, the Jordan River. Until the late 1990s, however, this amount has dropped to about 100-200 MCM/year of saline and polluted water Al-Weshah, 2000;Shavit et al, 2001). The reasons for this development are given in Figure 1: Israel had used nearly the entire inflow into the Lake Tiberias for use in the National Water Carrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East

Lipchin¹,

Pallant²,

Saranga³

et al. 2007

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series

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This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. Sub-Series D.Information and Communication Security IOS Press IOS Press

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The water balance of the Dead Sea: an integrated approach

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Mixing of Dead Sea and Red Sea waters and changes in their physical properties

Mixing of Dead Sea and Red Sea waters and changes in their physical properties

Quantifying Ground Water Inputs along the Lower Jordan River

Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East

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