The Wage Gap between Men and Women in Botswana's Formal Labour Market

Siphambe, Happy

doi:10.1093/jae/10.2.127

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…For instance, Schultz (2002) provides a discussion on gender differences in returns to schooling in developing countries and concludes that the balance of evidence indicates that these estimates tend to be somewhat higher for women than for men. 33 Such evidence for Africa include studies of Vijverberg (1993) for Côte d'Ivoire, Glick and Sahn (1997) and Siphambe and Thokweng-Bakwena (2001), respectively for the public sector of Guinea and Botswana, and more recently Nordman and Roubaud (2009) for Madagascar. Mixed evidence of greater education returns for females have been found by Appleton, Hoddinott and Krishnan (1999) for Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia and Uganda.…”

Section: Convexity Of the Returnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education and earnings in urban West Africa

Kuepié

Nordman

Roubaud

2009

Journal of Comparative Economics

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Section: Convexity Of the Returnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education and earnings in urban West Africa

Kuepié

Nordman

Roubaud

2009

Journal of Comparative Economics

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“…In the 1990s this was beyond dispute. Government expanded and paid on average higher salaries than the private sector at every educational level (Siphambe and Thokweng-Bakwena 2001). For various reasons, the attractive image of government may be still unbroken, notably for (young) women.…”

Section: Governmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-citizens (foreign expatriates) got on average 2.6 times the earnings of citizens. 15 Siphambe and Thokweng-Bakwena (2001), investigating the gender pay gap for 1995-96, found that for women in education-and skill-intensive occupations the outcomes were much more favourable than for women more at the bottom of the labour market. For 2005-06 the picture we present in Table 8 is more mixed.…”

Section: Wagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in informal cross-border trade in Botswana

Ama

Mangadi

Ama

2014

Gender in Management: An International Journal

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Purpose – This paper aims to look at Botswana women entrepreneurs involved in informal cross-border trade (ICBT). It addresses the following questions: What is the nature of the entrepreneurship activities that the women engage in, the funding sources and profitability of the businesses? How has the business helped to enhance women’s economic empowerment? What are the factors that influence participation of women in these businesses and their challenges? Design/methodology/approach – The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods in studying the challenges faced by Botswana women entrepreneurs in ICBT. A sample of 319 women were identified for study using a combination of the systematic sampling method and snowball techniques. Questionnaires were administered on the sampled women by trained research assistants. In addition, key informant interviews and focus group discussion were conducted on selected women entrepreneurs and key personnel from the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Customs and Immigration Offices at the border posts. Findings – The study revealed that the majority of the women (67 per cent) were under 35 years of age, 69 per cent had very little education (senior secondary certificate and below), 41 per cent were unemployed and 44 per cent were single (never married). The women traded mainly in agricultural products and industrial goods. Raising income for the families (49 per cent) ranked highest as the push factor for the women entrepreneurs. The average monthly profit made by the women was P5916.77 ± 409.86 (US$657.42 ± 45.54). The major constraints faced by the women traders were delays at the borders, long hours of travel, time away from their homes and stiff completion with other traders. ICBT was shown to be highly profitable for the women entrepreneurs, with gross profit margin on imported goods at 59.5 per cent. Research limitations/implications – The study limitations included fear that the research assistants are agents of the income tax department disguised as researchers and that the collected information may be passed on to government authorities for the purpose of taxation. It was not possible to evaluate the impact of these feelings by the respondents on the responses. However, “anonymity” was the best strategy for getting information. They were assured in the consent form and orally that information provided was not going to be divulged to any other sources and that the questionnaire does not contain anybody’s personal information which could be used to track the person. Notwithstanding these limitations, the study design was appropriate for the purpose of the research. The instrument was adequate as can be seen from the high values of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.90) and knowledgeable research assistants who collected the data under the supervision of the authors. Practical implications – The women entrepreneurs were able to generate substantial incomes and profits that enabled them to improve the livelihood of the families and empowered them to t...

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“…A number of studies have been done using earnings functions and survey data to estimate the rates of return to education in Botswana and also empirically estimate the relationship between education and earnings in the labour market; some of these are Siphambe (1999), Siphambe (2000), Siphambe and Thokweng (2001) and Siphambe (2008). Most of these studies have found robust relationship between earnings and its determinants and some degree of screening in Botswana's labour market, especially in the private sector.…”

Section: Selected Literature and Background Of Botswana's Wage Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Earnings differentials in Botswana's labour market: private versus public sector

Siphambe

Tlhobogang

2010

IJEED

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The paper investigates earning differentials in the Botswana's Formal Labour Market comparing the private and public sector earnings. The analytical framework used is an extension of the Mincerian earnings function and uses 2002/03 HIES data. Results show that the private sector earnings are on average more than the public sector. The human capital variables have a stronger effect on earnings determination in the private sector than the public sector and earnings differentials are higher in the private sector. All the variables have the right signs and were significant except marital status. The results imply that earnings differentials significantly contribute to the general income inequality in Botswana. Therefore any efforts towards curbing income inequalities should take into consideration the labour market policies. Efforts should be made to strengthen labour employed in the private sector through education and encouragement of unionisation and creation of more jobs.

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The Wage Gap between Men and Women in Botswana's Formal Labour Market

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Education and earnings in urban West Africa

Education and earnings in urban West Africa

Exploring the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in informal cross-border trade in Botswana

Earnings differentials in Botswana's labour market: private versus public sector

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