The Vibration and Syneresis of Silicic Acid Gels.

Holmes, Harry N.; Kaufmann, Wilford E.; Nicholas, Henry O.

doi:10.1021/ja02230a002

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…At a given pH, the higher the silicate content, the higher the shrinkage rate and total shrinkage. This is in agreement with the reported observations [15][16][17]. For a 6 wt% Na-silicate solution at a pH of 10.10, for instance, the initial rate of shrinkage and the total shrinkage at t = 400 h are 0.1 wt% per hour and 25 wt%, respectively.…”

Section: Syneresissupporting

confidence: 93%

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Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Hamouda

Amiri

2014

Energies

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Alkaline sodium silicate (Na-silicate) is environment-friendly and possesses water-like viscosity during the injection stage for in-depth reservoir treatment to enhance sweep efficiency. Gel setting time (t g ) and gel strength are interrelated. Factors that accelerate t g are Na-silicate content (wt%), low pH, presence of divalent ions and temperature. Pressure drop across the gel accelerates syneresis; however, the gel appeared to remain intact. Presence of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions is shown to increase gel strength. With a Na-silicate content of 4.5 wt%, for example, at a pH of 10.3 and a temperature of 20 °C, gel strength almost tripled and was reached about eight times faster at the combined tested concentration of 0.009 M, based on the average effect from the coexistence of both ions. Low-salinity water (LSW) has an ion composition of 25-fold diluted seawater, did not show precipitation, and could accordingly be a candidate for a pre-flush before the injection of a Na-silicate solution in the event of a field application. This is important since LSW for enhancing oil recovery is a popular method in oil industry. A suggested predictive tool (simple graphical method) to estimate the effect of different factors on gelation time and gel strength is presented.

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Section: Syneresissupporting

confidence: 93%

“…As the system approaches equilibrium, the gel shrinks and expels the liquid it contains [3]. The first systematic investigation of such syneresis in silicic acid gels was done by Holmes et al [15]. Brinker and Scherer [16] discussed syneresis and the factors affecting it in detail from the literature.…”

Section: Syneresismentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Hamouda

Amiri

2014

Energies

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“…In addition to these chemical factors, the rate of syneresis is affected by the physical structure of the gel. It was discovered long ago that the rate of contraction is faster when the solids content is higher and is slower for larger gels . The rate increases with concentration, because the branches of the network are closer together, so they are more likely to come into contact and form new bonds.…”

Section: Syneresismentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Viscoelasticity and Permeability on the Stress Response of Silica Gel

Scherer

1996

Langmuir

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This review examines the chemical and physical factors that control the response of silica gel to stimuli such as aging, heating, mechanical deformation, and drying. When the liquid phase is chemically aggressive, the gel exhibits spontaneous shrinkage (syneresis) and viscoelasticity; in an inert medium, the network of the gel is purely elastic. The rate of the responses to mechanical loads and changes in temperature depends on the permeability, as well as the modulus, of the network. The properties of the gel change by orders of magnitude as the network contracts during drying, and this has a dramatic effect on the drying stresses.

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“…Silica gels, even in the initial near-liquid state, are thought to have a rudimentary structure (HOLMES et al [1919]). A large amount of water is lost spontaneously from silica gel, and FORSLIND [1954], investigating the specific properties of the water molecule in relation to the phenomenon of syneresis in the gelation process of silica sol, coneluded that the weaker the binding forees within the mieelles the greater is the influence of the water mo1ecule on the configuration of the interface.…”

Section: Silica Gelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Components

1975

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The Vibration and Syneresis of Silicic Acid Gels.

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Influence of Viscoelasticity and Permeability on the Stress Response of Silica Gel

Soil Components

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