The very low genetic variability on Aceh Tamiang’s (Indonesia) population of Painted Terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) inferred by cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) and D-loop (control region)

Abstract

Abstract. Guntoro J, Wirdateti, Riyanto A. 2020. The very low genetic variability on Aceh Tamiang’s (Indonesia) population of Painted Terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) inferred by cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) and D-loop (control region). Biodiversitas 21: 2514-2520. Populations of Batagur borneoensis have been rapidly decreasing due to the harvesting of adults and eggs for food and the construction of beachfront property causing the loss of nesting areas. By the new Indonesian regulation, since 2018 this turtle listed in the protected animal. Meanwhile, IUCN placed as critically endangered which indicating a high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future (www.iucnredlist.org). We used cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and control region D-loop region to investigate intraspecific variations on Aceh Tamiang’s population of painted terrapin, Batagur borneoensis. DNA material was gathered from saliva collected from 90 juveniles in the reaching facility of Sukacita Lestari Indonesia Foundation which hatched from eggs collected from December 2015 to April 2016 from 30 nests on beach area at Aceh Tamiang. The population showed very low genetic variability (haplotype diversity, Hd = 0.457 based on COI and 0.405 based on D-loop; nucleotide diversity, π = 0.00089 based on COI and 0.00076 based on D-loop). So, we suggested that further study such as more exploration to find new wild populations and genetic study across wild populations should be done to reveal genetic variability and genetic structure which important to decide the conservation strategy. At the time for Aceh Tamiang's population, the ranching conservation program should be maintained at least to keep the successful hatchling from hunters and natural predators both during eggs laying and hatching.

Conservation Genetics of the Critically Endangered Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis) in Malaysia: Genetic Diversity and Novel Subspecies Distribution Ranges

“…When compared to populations of other Batagur species, our Hd value was 0.214 on average. Similarly, an average Hd value of 0.2 was reported for Cambodian Batagur affinis edwardmolli (Hd value average = 0.2) [ 31 ], and, again, a higher Hd value average (0.405) for Batagur borneoensis was reported by [ 78 ]. This implies that the genetic variability in the BK of the Perak population was the highest in this region.…”

“…In addition, the total number of populations was highly monomorphic (96%). A hypervariable region with high base substitution, the D-loop, allows for more accurate identification of individual diversity than the other regions [ 78 ]. Given that this region is well-known as a hypervariable in vertebrates, meaning it has a high base rate of mutation, whether substitution, deletion, or insertion, it is widely used to determine the level of intra-species diversity [ 81 , 82 ].…”

Economics, life history and international trade data for seven turtle species in Indonesian and Malaysian farms

“…This source, however, did not include B. borneoensi s and C. insculpta . We included data from Guntoro (2011 [10] , 2012 [11] , 2013 [12] ) for B. borneoensis (16 records) and data from Doody et al. (2003) [13] for C. insculpta (10 records).…”

Conservation Status of Globally Testudines Terrapins Based on COI Mitochondrial Markers

“…The research and field permit approval number is B-00335-16-20, issued by the Department of Wildlife and Parks, Peninsular Malaysia. https://mol2net-08.sciforum.net/ For PCR, Tuntong set primers 5'-CGCGGAATTAAGCCAACCAG-3' (forward sequence) and 5'-TTGGTACAG-GATTGGGTCGC-3' (reverse sequence) targeting the COI marker gene was used [3]. The PCR amplification of COI gene fragment was performed in a Go Taq Flexi PCR (Promega, Madison, USA) reaction mixture containing 2 µL of DNA template, 0.4 µL of primers, 4 µL of 5x PCR buffer, 1.6 µL of 25 mM MgCl2, 0.4 µL of dNTPs, 0.2 µL of Taq DNA polymerase, and 11 µL of distilled water (ddH2O).…”