The Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Complex of Group a Arthropod-Borne Viruses, Including Mucambo and Pixuna from the Amazon Region of Brazil *

Shope, Robert E.; Causey, O. R.; Andrade, Amélia Homobono Paes de; Theiler, Max

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1964.13.723

Cited by 69 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Surveillance in this region of Miranda State, assisted by satellite imagery, has not revealed the presence of any extensive, primary lowland tropical forests or swamps like those known to support continuous transmission of VEE viruses in other locations of South Ameri-ca. 15,[29][30][31][32][33][34] Studies are now underway to locate such a transmission cycle in Falcon State, where the 1995 outbreak began.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in north-central Venezuela, 1997-1998.

Salas¹,

García

Liria

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. From 1997From -1998, we investigated the possible continuous circulation of epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus suggested by a 1983 subtype IC interepizootic mosquito isolate made in Panaquire, Miranda State, Venezuela. The study area was originally covered by lowland tropical rainforest but has been converted into cacao plantations. Sentinel hamsters, small mammal trapping, mosquito collections, and human serosurveys were used to detect active or recent virus circulation. Six strains of subtype ID VEE virus were isolated from hamsters that displayed no apparent disease. Four other arboviruses belonging to group A (Togaviridae: Alphavirus), two Bunyamwera group (Bunyaviridae), and three Gamboa group (Bunyaviridae) arboviruses were also isolated from hamsters, as well as 8 unidentified viruses. Venezuelan equine encephalitis-specific antibodies were detected in 5 small mammal species: Proechimys guairae, Marmosa spp., and Didelphis marsupialis. Mosquito collections comprised of 38 different species, including 8 members of the subgenus Culex (Melanoconion), did not yield any virus isolates. Sera from 195 humans, either workers in the cacao plantation or nearby residents, were all negative for VEE virus antibodies. Sequences of 1,677 nucleotides from the P62 gene of 2 virus isolates indicated that they represent a subtype ID lineage that is distinct from all others characterized previously, and are unrelated to epizootic VEE emergence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in north-central Venezuela, 1997-1998.

Salas¹,

García

Liria

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…36,37 The 78V-3531 virus and the other enzootic viruses of subtypes III, IV, V and VI do not kill mice even at very high peripheral challenge doses (Ն 10 6 plaque-forming units). 10,11,[32][33][34][35][36] Given this proposed reclassification, lethal susceptibility of weanling or adult mice to peripheral challenge with virus may constitute a biological marker for viruses belonging to VEE subtype I.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleotide sequences of the 26S mRNAs of the viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis antigenic complex.

Kinney

Pfeffer²,

Tsuchiya³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Genetic relationships among viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus antigenic complex were determined by analyzing the 3Ј-terminal 561 nucleotides of the nonstructural protein 4 gene and the entire 26S RNA region of the genome. New sequence information is reported for VEE 78V-3531 (VEE subtypevariety IF), Mucambo (IIIA), Tonate (IIIB), 71D-1252 (IIIC), Pixuna (IV), Cabassou (V), and AG80-663 (VI) viruses. The results reported here and by previous investigators largely support the current classification scheme of these viruses, while clearly identifying Everglades (II) as a subtype I virus. A genetic relationship between 78V-3531 (IF) and AG80-663 (VI) viruses contradicted previous serologic results. Mutations near the amino terminus of the E2 envelope proteins of Pixuna and AG80-663 viruses probably account for the previously reported low reactivity of the protective monoclonal antibody 1A2B-10 with these two viruses. Variations in the distribution of potential glycosylation sites in the E2 glycoprotein are discussed.Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses are mosquito-borne members of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. The viral genome is a positive-sense, 5Ј-capped, 3Ј-polyadenylated RNA genome of about 11.5 kilobases. Four nonstructural proteins are encoded in the 5Ј two-thirds of the genome. The structural proteins are processed from a precursor polyprotein (NH 2 -capsid-E3-E2-6K-E1-COOH) that is translated from an intracellular, subgenomic 26S mRNA molecule, which is itself transcribed from the 3Ј onethird portion of the genomic mRNA. The mature virus is composed of an icosahedral nucleocapsid that is surrounded by a lipid envelope containing the viral E1 and E2 glycoproteins.

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“…During the 1969 to 1971 VEE epizooticepidemic which occurred in South America, Central America, and the United States (Texas), the I-AB subtype virus caused human disease and a high mortality among horses (Lord, 1974). Shope et al (1964) first defined the viruses in the VEE serological complex by showing relationships between classical VEE, Mucambo (BeAn8) and Pixuna (BeAr 35645) viruses. Young & Johnson (1969) further classified and serotyped a wide variety of VEE isolates by short-incubation haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) testing.…”

Section: Introduction Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (Vee) Virus Was mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Immunological and Biochemical Analyses of Viruses in the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex

Kinney¹,

Trent

1983

Journal of General Virology

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The Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Complex of Group a Arthropod-Borne Viruses, Including Mucambo and Pixuna from the Amazon Region of Brazil *

Abstract: Shope, R. E.; Causey, O. R.; Andrade, A. H. P.; Theiler, M. The Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis complex of group A arthropod-borne viruses, including Mucambo and Pixuna from the Amazon region of Brazil 191

Cited by 69 publications

References 7 publications

Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in north-central Venezuela, 1997-1998.

Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in north-central Venezuela, 1997-1998.

Nucleotide sequences of the 26S mRNAs of the viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis antigenic complex.

Comparative Immunological and Biochemical Analyses of Viruses in the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex

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