Comparative Immunological and Biochemical Analyses of Viruses in the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex

Kinney, Richard M.; Trent, Dennis W.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-64-1-135

Cited by 39 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…39 Later immunologic and genetic work failed to distinguish the IA and IB virus subtypes, and they were merged into subtype IAB. 3,4,16,40 Our results support a genetic basis for the original IA and IB groups, with IB comprising the Ica and Piura strains from Peru. One or more of the four E2 HI-domain amino acid differences we identified between these Peruvian strains and all other IAB isolates may be responsible for the differences in results of HI tests conducted by Young and Johnson.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…However, other IC and all IAB viruses examined are more distantly related to ID viruses and appear to have evolved at least several decades ago. 14 The origin of outbreaks involving IAB viruses is especially perplexing because isolates from epizootics spanning a 35-year time period are very highly conserved antigenically 15 and genetically 13,16,17 and comprise a monophyletic group predicted to have arisen from a common ancestor. 6,7,13,14 A possible explanation is that these viruses circulate in cryptic, continuous transmission cycles that have never been identified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks.

Weaver

Pfeffer

Marriott

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Epizootics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) involving subtype IAB viruses occurred sporadically in South, Central and North America from 1938 to 1973. Incompletely inactivated vaccines have long been suspected as a source of the later epizootics. We tested this hypothesis by sequencing the PE2 glycoprotein precursor (1,677 nucleotides) or 26S/nonstructural protein 4 (nsP4) genome regions (4,490 nucleotides) for isolates representing most major outbreaks. Two distinct IAB genotypes were identified: 1) 1940s Peruvian strains and 2) 1938-1973 isolates from South, Central, and North America. Nucleotide sequences of these two genotypes differed by 1.1%, while the latter group showed only 0.6% sequence diversity. Early VEE virus IAB strains that were used for inactivated vaccine preparation had sequences identical to those predicted by phylogenetic analyses to be ancestors of the 1960s-1970s outbreaks. These data support the hypothesis of a vaccine origin for many VEE outbreaks. However, continuous, cryptic circulation of IAB viruses cannot be ruled out as a source of epizootic emergence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks.

Weaver

Pfeffer

Marriott

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The latter is a classical procedure that has been utilized previously to determine the epidemiological relationships of several alphaviruses and flaviviruses (Heinz & Kunz, 1981Kinney et al, 1983;Walder & Mas, 1987). With this technique, proteins possessing similar peptide profiles are regarded to be highly related, but not necessarily identical; dissimilar peptide profiles, on the other hand, are an indication that the compared proteins are not closely related (Hames, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Protein Relationships Among Eastern Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Strizki

Repik

1994

Journal of General Virology

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We have re-evaluated the relationships among the polypeptides of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses using SDS-PAGE and peptide mapping of individual virion proteins. Four to five distinct polypeptide bands were detected upon SDS-PAGE analysis of viruses: the El, E2 and C proteins normally associated with alphavirus virions, as well as an additional more rapidlymigrating E2-associated protein and a high 3//,. (HMW) protein. In contrast with previous findings by others, the electrophoretic profiles of the virion proteins of EEE viruses displayed a marked correlation with serotype. The protein profiles of the 33 North American (NA)-serotype viruses examined were remarkably homogeneous, with variation detected only in the E1 protein of two isolates, In contrast, considerable heterogeneity was observed in the migration profiles of both the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of the 13 South American (SA)-type viruses examined. Peptide mapping of individual virion proteins using limited proteolysis with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease confirmed that, in addition to the homogeneity evident among NA-type viruses and relative heterogeneity among SA-type viruses, the E1 and E2 proteins of NA-and SA-serotype viruses exhibited serotype-specific structural variation. The C protein was highly conserved among isolates of both virus serotypes. Endoglycosidase analyses of intact virions did not reveal substantial glycosylation differences between the glycoproteins of NA-and SAserotype viruses. Both the HMW protein and the E2 protein (doublet) of EEE virus appeared to contain, at least in part, high-mannose type N-linked oligosaccharides. No evidence of O-linked glycans was found on either the E1 or the E2 glycoprotein. Despite the observed structural differences between proteins of NAand SA-type viruses, Western blot analyses utilizing polyclonal antibodies indicated that immunoreactive epitopes appeared to be conserved.

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“…35 All viruses, except for 68U201 virus, were previously cloned by picking isolated plaques in Vero or Pekin duck embryo cell monolayers and were used at 12 or fewer passages (including cloning steps) from the original isolate. 8,9 The final passage was in baby hamster kidney-21 cells. These plaque-purified viruses have been used previously to confirm and extend the original antigenic classification of VEE viruses by Young and Johnson 7 , and their virulence phenotypes in mice have been determined.…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 The viruses of the VEE antigenic complex are currently classified into six antigenic subtypes by cross-neutralization (N) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests, with subtypes I and III divided into five and three varieties, respectively. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] All epizootic equine-virulent strains of VEE virus have been identified as subtype-variety IAB or IC. 7,14 The most enigmatic facets of the natural history of VEE viruses are the emergence of epizootic VEE viruses in settings that are ecologically distinct from those of enzootic VEE strains and the failure to isolate IAB or IC viruses during interepizootic periods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleotide sequences of the 26S mRNAs of the viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis antigenic complex.

Kinney

Pfeffer²,

Tsuchiya³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Genetic relationships among viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus antigenic complex were determined by analyzing the 3Ј-terminal 561 nucleotides of the nonstructural protein 4 gene and the entire 26S RNA region of the genome. New sequence information is reported for VEE 78V-3531 (VEE subtypevariety IF), Mucambo (IIIA), Tonate (IIIB), 71D-1252 (IIIC), Pixuna (IV), Cabassou (V), and AG80-663 (VI) viruses. The results reported here and by previous investigators largely support the current classification scheme of these viruses, while clearly identifying Everglades (II) as a subtype I virus. A genetic relationship between 78V-3531 (IF) and AG80-663 (VI) viruses contradicted previous serologic results. Mutations near the amino terminus of the E2 envelope proteins of Pixuna and AG80-663 viruses probably account for the previously reported low reactivity of the protective monoclonal antibody 1A2B-10 with these two viruses. Variations in the distribution of potential glycosylation sites in the E2 glycoprotein are discussed.Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses are mosquito-borne members of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. The viral genome is a positive-sense, 5Ј-capped, 3Ј-polyadenylated RNA genome of about 11.5 kilobases. Four nonstructural proteins are encoded in the 5Ј two-thirds of the genome. The structural proteins are processed from a precursor polyprotein (NH 2 -capsid-E3-E2-6K-E1-COOH) that is translated from an intracellular, subgenomic 26S mRNA molecule, which is itself transcribed from the 3Ј onethird portion of the genomic mRNA. The mature virus is composed of an icosahedral nucleocapsid that is surrounded by a lipid envelope containing the viral E1 and E2 glycoproteins.

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Comparative Immunological and Biochemical Analyses of Viruses in the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks.

Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks.

Structural Protein Relationships Among Eastern Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Nucleotide sequences of the 26S mRNAs of the viruses defining the Venezuelan equine encephalitis antigenic complex.

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