The vascular architecture of the fruit receptacle of red raspberry determined by 3D NMR microscopy and surface‐rendering techniques

Williamson, B.; Goodman, B. A.; Chudek, J. A.; Hunter, Geoffrey; Lohman, Joost A. B.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03983.x

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Before the advent of NMR imaging, only destructive sampling procedures were available and conventional histology of soft fruits is both difficult and time-consuming. When applied to mature fruits, NMR imaging has revealed new details of vascular architecture (Goodman et al, 1992 ;Williamson et al, 1992a ;MacFall & Johnson, 1994 ;Williamson et al, 1994 ;Maas & Line, 1995 ;Goodman et al, 1996), the distribution of water, sugars and lipids Goodman et al, 1993 ;Pope et al, 1993 ;Glidewell et al, 1997), and the changes taking place during ingress by fungal pathogens (Goodman et al, 1992(Goodman et al, , 1996.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface rendering of 3-D data sets was carried out using the software supplied by Bruker in the UXNMR package (Williamson et al, 1994). T " values were determined by measuring the signal intensity of regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to different anatomical features in gradient inversion recovery images and fitting the plot to the equation I l A(1k2 exp (kT " \TR)) using LevenbergMarquardt iterations to a minimum χ#.…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In NMR images of the raspberry receptacle (Goodman et al, 1992 ;Williamson et al, 1994) and strawberry ' fruit ' (Goodman et al, 1996), structures which are modified stems, the vascular bundles are bright. Others have found that vascular tissues in slice gradient echo image of 8n25 mm diameter green fruit of Ribes nigrum cv.…”

Section: Vascular Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

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The development of blackcurrant fruit from flower to maturity: a comparative study by 3D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) micro‐imaging and conventional histology

Glidewell¹,

Williamson²,

Duncan³

et al. 1999

New Phytologist

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The development of fruits of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) cv. Ben Alder from flower to maturity was studied non-invasively by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy, using attached and detached fruits, and the images were compared with those from low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) and conventional resin histology. The NMR images derived from 2-D and 3-D datasets showed the previously unreported growth of arillar tissues to the extent that they almost completely occlude the locular cavity, but LTSEM and resin histology revealed that no fusion occurs between the arillar tissues and the gelatinous sheath surrounding each seed, or between the arillar tissues and the endocarp. The discontinuities between these tissues cause magnetic inhomogenities which result in these structures being clearly resolved by gradient echo imaging sequences. During seed maturation the endosperm changed from high (bright) to low (dark) signal intensity as lipid reserves formed and solidified, whereas the gelatinous sheath had high signal intensity throughout maturation. The high lipid concentration in the seed was manifested by chemical shift effects in the images and the increasing viscosity of the endosperm was reflected in the decrease in spin-lattice (T " ) relaxation times. The funiculi, throughout development of seeds, appeared in NMR images with low signal intensity and 3-D surface-rendered reconstructions illustrated the complexity of the spatial array of seeds and funiculi arising from parietal placentas within the loculus. All other vascular tissues in the pericarp and placentas were resolved as a small bright core surrounded by a dark region, within a matrix of moderate signal intensity. Conventional microscopical studies then showed that the bright core discernible by NMR imaging encompassed an entire vascular bundle whereas the darker surrounding region represented small parenchyma cells with pronounced intercellular gas spaces. Other regions of the pericarp which included extremely large parenchyma cells, however, had few intercellular spaces and consequently gave rise to brighter regions of the image.Key words : NMR imaging, three-dimensional reconstruction, surface rendering, low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM), resin histology, Ribes nigrum. Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) and related taxa are important sources of vitamin C and the essential fatty acid, γ-linoleic acid, and the fruits are used extensively for the manufacture of juices, jams, preserves, alcoholic beverages and confectionery.*Author for correspondence (e-mail s.glidewell!scri.sari.ac.uk).We have previously examined by proton NMR microscopy the ripe fruits of gooseberry (Ribes grossularia) and made preliminary observations of mature fruits of blackcurrant (Williamson et al., 1992b) and studied freezing damage in flowers of R. nigrum (Brennan et al., 1997). The anatomy of mature fruits of redcurrant (R. rubrum) and R. nigrum was described by Winton (1902) and the floral development and vascular system in ...

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The development of blackcurrant fruit from flower to maturity: a comparative study by 3D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) micro‐imaging and conventional histology

Glidewell¹,

Williamson²,

Duncan³

et al. 1999

New Phytologist

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“…After acquisition, data were transformed using sine or Qsine bell weighting on Bruker X32 computers, Unix-based systems which incorporate the Bruker UXNMR suite of programs and then processed to give single slice, multislice and 3D datasets. Surface reconstructions were also performed when considered appropriate for enhancing the extraction of information from 3D images (see Williamson et al 1994). …”

Section: Nmr Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An NMR microscopic study of grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

et al. 1997

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Summary. Mature healthy grape berries and berries wound-inoculated with the fungus Botrytis cinerea were examined by IH NMR microimaging using 2D and 3D spin echo and gradient echo procedures. These NMR images were compared with representations obtained by conventional histology, where possible using the same specimens. 3D imaging datasets from excised seeds were reconstructed by surface rendering and maximum intensity projection to allow interpretation of their internal structure. T2-weighted spin echo images revealed the major features of the pericarp, septum and loculi of whole berries. Tl-weighted images were less discriminatory of parenchyma tissues in the fruit but revealed the endosperm in seeds as a chemically shifted feature. A non-invasive study by Tl-weighted spin echo NMR imaging of infection by B. cinerea over a 6-day period showed that the disease spread throughout the exocarp but failed to spread in the mesocarp, a result confirmed by histological examination of the same specimen. Surface rendering of 3D datasets of excised seeds revealed the two ruminations of the endosperm and the distal location of the chalaza. The position of the embryonic axis was revealed in T2-weighted maximum intensity projections. This noninvasive study revealed the need to apply a range of imaging techniques and parameters to visualise the structural features of the different parts of the grape berry.

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“…NMR images in these studies correlated well with anatomical features of the fruit. Using T1-weighted, inversion recovery, spin-echo NMR, Williamson et al (1994) selectively imaged the vascular architecture of red raspberry fruit. Although the interpretation of NMR images is not always straight forward (Williamson et al, 1993), NMR offers a useful tool to nondestructively Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging permits noninvasive study of proton density (water concentration) and proton relaxation characteristics of water in plant tissues (Gassner, 1989).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microimaging of Strawberry Flower Buds and Fruit

Maas¹,

Line²

1995

HortSci

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used to examine tissue structure and developmental changes during growth and maturation of plant organs nondestructively. Spin-lattice, relaxation time (T1)-weighted, inversion recovery, spin-echo images of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) flower buds were acquired at 3 and 1 day before anthesis and receptacles at 4, 10, 15, and 25 days after anthesis (DAA). The central pith and ovules of flower buds imaged intensely with inversion echo times between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds. Achenes and the vascular cylinder, composed of vascular bundles surrounding the pith, were prominent in receptacles at 4 and 10 DAA. Vascular bundles leading to achene positions, cortex and pith tissues, and the vascular cylinder were evident in receptacles at all developmental stages. A general trend to homogeneity of structure was observed in images of receptacles nearing full maturity (25 DAA). Inversion recovery, spin-echo NMR microimaging may be useful for studying internal physicochemical changes in flower buds and fruit of strawberry and of other fruit crops.

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The vascular architecture of the fruit receptacle of red raspberry determined by 3D NMR microscopy and surface‐rendering techniques

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

The development of blackcurrant fruit from flower to maturity: a comparative study by 3D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) micro‐imaging and conventional histology

The development of blackcurrant fruit from flower to maturity: a comparative study by 3D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) micro‐imaging and conventional histology

An NMR microscopic study of grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microimaging of Strawberry Flower Buds and Fruit

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