An NMR microscopic study of grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Abstract

Summary. Mature healthy grape berries and berries wound-inoculated with the fungus Botrytis cinerea were examined by IH NMR microimaging using 2D and 3D spin echo and gradient echo procedures. These NMR images were compared with representations obtained by conventional histology, where possible using the same specimens. 3D imaging datasets from excised seeds were reconstructed by surface rendering and maximum intensity projection to allow interpretation of their internal structure. T2-weighted spin echo images revealed the major features of the pericarp, septum and loculi of whole berries. Tl-weighted images were less discriminatory of parenchyma tissues in the fruit but revealed the endosperm in seeds as a chemically shifted feature. A non-invasive study by Tl-weighted spin echo NMR imaging of infection by B. cinerea over a 6-day period showed that the disease spread throughout the exocarp but failed to spread in the mesocarp, a result confirmed by histological examination of the same specimen. Surface rendering of 3D datasets of excised seeds revealed the two ruminations of the endosperm and the distal location of the chalaza. The position of the embryonic axis was revealed in T2-weighted maximum intensity projections. This noninvasive study revealed the need to apply a range of imaging techniques and parameters to visualise the structural features of the different parts of the grape berry.

Not All Shrivels Are Created Equal—Morpho-Anatomical and Compositional Characteristics Differ among Different Shrivel Types That Develop during Ripening of Grape (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Berries

“…Despite these differences, the fleshy mesocarp in all fruits characterizes the most considerable fraction of their weight. For instance, as evident in this study, the mesocarp represented about 75% -85% of the weight of which water accumulation accounts for about 70% -80% of the weight [37]. Collectively, the growth of mesocarp and its water balance determined by supply of sap through peripheral vascular bundles, back flow to other organs, and by cuticular transpiration has dominant effect on the overall growth of the berry [13,31,38,39].…”

The development of blackcurrant fruit from flower to maturity: a comparative study by 3D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) micro‐imaging and conventional histology

“…Spin echo images frequently exhibit image displacement effects around seeds due to chemical shift phenomena Glidewell et al, 1997). The endosperm in mature blackcurrant seeds, being relatively high in lipid (Traitler et al, 1988 ;Gunstone, 1992) and as demonstrated by chemical shift selective imaging (not shown) shows a partial displacement in the image shifted by an amount equivalent to c. 3n5 ppm to the right in the read direction.…”

“…Before the advent of NMR imaging, only destructive sampling procedures were available and conventional histology of soft fruits is both difficult and time-consuming. When applied to mature fruits, NMR imaging has revealed new details of vascular architecture (Goodman et al, 1992 ;Williamson et al, 1992a ;MacFall & Johnson, 1994 ;Williamson et al, 1994 ;Maas & Line, 1995 ;Goodman et al, 1996), the distribution of water, sugars and lipids Goodman et al, 1993 ;Pope et al, 1993 ;Glidewell et al, 1997), and the changes taking place during ingress by fungal pathogens (Goodman et al, 1992(Goodman et al, , 1996.…”

“…Bar, 1 mm. S. M. Glidewell et al mature fruits of persimmon, okra, kiwifruit, fig (MacFall & Johnson, 1994), apple (Zion et al, 1995), grape (Glidewell et al, 1997) and squash (Veres et al, 1991) appear bright in T " -weighted images. This relatively short T " for phloem tissues, compared with the surrounding parenchyma, is ascribed by MacFall & Johnson (1994) to high solute concentration in the phloem, an interpretation supported by Ko$ ckenberger et al (1997) in hypocotyls of castor bean.…”

Comparison of the development in planta of a pyrrolnitrin-resistant mutant of Botrytis cinerea and its sensitive wild-type parent isolate

“…The extracellular enzymes and metabolites that mediate pathogenesis have been extensively studied on tomato (for review see Kars and Van Kan 2004). Histological observations have been achieved in various plant tissues, such as Arabidopsis (Van Baarlen et al 2007), onion leaves (Clark and Lorbeer 1976), grapes (Glidewell et al 1997;Viret et al 2004) and tomato fruits (Charles et al 2008;Rijkenberg et al 1980) and leaves (Prins et al 2000). But little is known about cytohistological comparison of infection of tomato petioles stubs and stems by B. cinerea isolates differing in their level of aggressiveness.…”