The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update

Hungr, Oldrich; Leroueil, Serge; Picarelli, Luciano

doi:10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y

Cited by 2,347 publications

(1,491 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The downslope velocity deformation rates of up to -63 mm/year (Section 4.1) lie in the category of very slow moving landslides [1,2]. Our analyses show that our detected areas of activation within the landslide-prone slopes are located in areas characterized by a slope angle of 15-17 degrees, which is much smaller than the ALOS/PALSAR look angle of 38 degrees.…”

Section: Downslope Deformations Of Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Additionally, deep-seated landslides represent an especially high risk to the local population because they generally occur in the relatively densely populated foothill zones of the high mountain ranges. They are characterized by a highly variable activity style that comprises both regular and rather continuous slow movements as well as accelerations, which eventually cause sudden slope failures [1]. The velocities of very slow moving landslide are less than 1.6 m/year, according to the velocity classification of Cruden and Varnes, 1996 [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ALOS/PALSAR InSAR Time-Series Analysis for Detecting Very Slow-Moving Landslides in Southern Kyrgyzstan

et al. 2015

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This study focuses on evaluating the potential of ALOS/PALSAR time-series data to analyze the activation of deep-seated landslides in the foothill zone of the high mountain Alai range in the southern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan). Most previous field-based landslide investigations have revealed that many landslides have indicators for ongoing slow movements in the form of migrating and newly developing cracks. L-band ALOS/PALSAR data for the period between 2007 and 2010 are available for the 484 km 2 area in this study. We analyzed these data using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) time-series technique to assess the surface deformation related to the activation of landslides. We observed up to ±17 mm/year of LOS velocity deformation rates, which were projected along the local steepest slope and resulted in velocity rates of up to −63 mm/year. The obtained rates indicate very slow movement of the deep-seated landslides during the observation time. We also compared these movements with precipitation and earthquake records. The results suggest that the deformation peaks correlate with rainfall in the 3 preceding months and with an earthquake event. Overall, the results of this study indicated the great potential of L-band InSAR time series analysis for OPEN ACCESS Remote Sens. 2015, 7 8974 efficient spatiotemporal identification and monitoring of slope activations in this region of high landslide activity in Southern Kyrgyzstan.

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Section: Downslope Deformations Of Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ALOS/PALSAR InSAR Time-Series Analysis for Detecting Very Slow-Moving Landslides in Southern Kyrgyzstan

et al. 2015

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“…The numerical implementation of this method requires the generation of random unitary vectors inside the cone, a change of the reference system to correlate the revolution axis of the cone with the expected outcome velocity, and finally a multiplication of each vector for the computed outcome velocity of each fragment. , it is assumed that all the blocks progressed downslope following independent paths since no debris stream features, which are typical of rock avalanches (Hungr et al 2014), were found.…”

Section: Fragment Trajectoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon may occur singly or in clusters, but there is little dynamic interaction between the moving fragments (Hungr et al 2014). Despite their relatively small size compared to other mass movements, rockfalls can be very destructive as high velocities and consequently, high energies, can be reached during their propagation downslope (Cruden and Varnes 1996), resulting in a similar order of magnitude of fatalities than bigger mass movements (Hoek 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RockGIS: a GIS-based model for the analysis of fragmentation in rockfalls

et al. 2017

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ABSTRACT:A Rockfall is a mass instability event frequently observed in road cuts, open pit mines and quarries, steep slopes and cliffs. After its detachment, the rock mass may disaggregate and break due to the impact with the ground surface, thus producing new rock fragments. The consideration of the fragmentation of the rockfall mass is critical for the calculation of the trajectories of the blocks and the impact energies, for the assessment of the potential damage and the design of protective structures. In this paper, we present RockGIS, a GIS-Based tool that simulates stochastically the fragmentation of the rockfall, based on a lumped mass approach. In RockGIS, the fragmentation is triggered by the disaggregation of the detached rock mass through the pre-existing discontinuities just before the impact with the ground. An energy threshold is defined in order to determine whether the impacting blocks break or not. The distribution of the initial mass between a set of newly generated rock fragments is carried out stochastically following a power law. The trajectories of the new rock fragments are distributed within a cone. The fragmentation model has been calibrated and tested with a 10,000m 3 rockfall that took place in 2011 near Vilanova de Banat, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain.

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“…These pro cesses are gen er ated by many in ter re lated fac tors such as ge ol ogy and geo mor phol ogy, hy dro log i cal condi tions, hydrogeological and hy dro dy namic fac tors (drain age of ground wa ter due to the prox im ity to the sea), and anthropogenic and cli ma tic phe nom ena (Varnes, 1978;Cruden and Varnes, 1996;Dikau and Schrott, 1999;Fiorillo, 2003;Della Seta et al, 2013;Hungr et al, 2014;Kuhn and Prufer, 2014;Kostrzewski et al, 2015;Mickovski et al, 2015;Young et al, 2016;Joyal et al, 2016). In var i ous com bi na tions, these fac tors lead to the de vel op ment of mass move ments which may ini tially seem harm less, and then be come a sig nif i cant prob lem through the con tin u ous de vel op ment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of unconsolidated sedimentary coastal cliffs (Pobrzeże Kaszubskie, Northern Poland)

Uścinowicz

Jurys

Szarafin

2017

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In the course of field work based on geo log i cal and land slide map ping and spa tial anal y ses of map in for ma tion at least 2 types of land slides were iden ti fied. Type I: sim ple land slides de vel oped in ho mo ge neous and un dis turbed rocks, for in stance -loams, clays and sands. This type of land slide in cludes many ex am ples de vel oped mainly on the stretch (seg ment of the stud ied area) ap prox i mately be tween 132.25 and 133.50 km and 128.50 and 129.50 km of the Pol ish coast line. Type II: complex land slides in which the move ment and dis place ment of rock masses oc curs un der com plex geo log i cal and hydrogeological con di tions. The com plex fac tors are de ter mined by phe nom ena such as glaciotectonics, dis con ti nu ities of rock lay ers and thrust zones; the slip sur face oc curs at con sid er able depths, and some times sev eral slip sur faces can be distin guished. These land slide types are lo cated in the vi cin ity of Jastrzêbia Góra and Rozewie, near km 134 and 131.5. Pre diction of the for ma tion of this land slide types is dif fi cult. Even if long-term ob ser va tions are avail able, the mass move ment, vari able over time, is dif fi cult to in ter pret. It is clear that the changes are con tin u ous, but oc cur with vary ing in ten sity. Proper rec og ni tion of the types of mass move ment is cru cial to es tab lish ing the ap pro pri ate meth ods to pre vent their de vel op ment.

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The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update

Cited by 2,347 publications

References 89 publications

ALOS/PALSAR InSAR Time-Series Analysis for Detecting Very Slow-Moving Landslides in Southern Kyrgyzstan

ALOS/PALSAR InSAR Time-Series Analysis for Detecting Very Slow-Moving Landslides in Southern Kyrgyzstan

RockGIS: a GIS-based model for the analysis of fragmentation in rockfalls

The development of unconsolidated sedimentary coastal cliffs (Pobrzeże Kaszubskie, Northern Poland)

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