The value of three-dimensional ultrasound in identifying Mullerian anomalies at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes

Three‐dimensional transvaginal ultrasound diagnosis of interstitial ectopic pregnancy in a unicornuate uterus: A case report

“…The coronal plane is a cross-sectional view of the uterus that shows the shape and size of the uterine cavity and the position of the endometrium. 21 The third feature of 3D ultrasound is that it can create a rendering reconstruction of the object, which is a surface or volume rendering that simulates the appearance of the object in real life. Rendering reconstruction can enhance the perception and interpretation of the 3D image, as well as improve the communication and education of the patients and clinicians.…”

“…To evaluate the possible usefulness of 3D ultrasound on the coronal plane or in multiplanar or in rendering reconstruction, you can compare the results of 3D ultrasound with other imaging modalities, such as MRI, CT, or hysteroscopy, which are considered the reference tests for diagnosing uterine and pelvic disorders. 21,22 The introduction of three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (3D-TVUS) provides a more nuanced depiction of the extruding phenomenon of the gestational sac. This modality offers a volumetric display of the relationship between the endometrium and the gestational sac, playing a crucial role in the discriminative diagnosis of the two conditions.…”

“…One of the advantages of 3D ultrasound is that it can reconstruct the coronal plane of the uterus, which is not easily obtained by 2D ultrasound. The coronal plane is a cross‐sectional view of the uterus that shows the shape and size of the uterine cavity and the position of the endometrium 21 . The third feature of 3D ultrasound is that it can create a rendering reconstruction of the object, which is a surface or volume rendering that simulates the appearance of the object in real life.…”

Arcuate Uterus as an Independent Risk Factor for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

“…However, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/European Society for Gynecological Endoscopy (ESHRE/ESGE) classification system proposed in 2013 does not even include arcuate uterus, allowing it to be left to "Class I/Dysmorphic Uterus" with midline indentations <50% of uterine wall thickness 14 . A prospective cohort study by Negm et al (2020) proposed yet another cutoff of 12.5 mm for the fundal indentation and 89.25 degrees for indentation angle to differentiate arcuate from septal uterus 15 . While the more major uterine anomalies often have clear diagnostic criteria and it is generally accepted that more severe uterine anomalies are more often associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes 16 , it is unclear if arcuate uterus, a mild anomaly if considered one at all, is independently associated with these outcomes.…”

“…14 A prospective cohort study by Negm et al proposed yet another cutoff of 12.5 mm for the fundal indentation and 89.25 degrees for indentation angle to differentiate arcuate from septal uterus. 15 While the more major uterine anomalies often have clear diagnostic criteria and it is generally accepted that more severe uterine anomalies are more often associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, 16 it is unclear if arcuate uterus, a mild anomaly if considered one at all, is independently associated with these outcomes.…”