The V2475F CPVT1 mutation yields distinct RyR2 channel populations that differ in their responses to cytosolic Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺

Abstract

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia type 1 (CPVT1) is a lethal genetic disease causing arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in children and young adults and is linked to mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). The effects of CPVT1 mutations on RyR2 ion‐channel function are often investigated using purified recombinant RyR2 channels homozygous for the mutation. However, CPVT1 patients are heterozygous for the disease, so this approach does not reveal the true changes to RyR2 function across the entire RyR2 population of channels in the heart. We therefore investigated the native cardiac RyR2 single‐channel abnormalities in mice heterozygous for the CPVT1 mutation, V2475F(+/‐)‐RyR2, and applied molecular modelling techniques to investigate the possible structural changes that could initiate any altered function. We observed that increased sensitivity of cardiac V2475F(+/‐)‐RyR2 channels to both activating and inactivating levels of cytosolic Ca2+, plus attenuation of Mg2+ inhibition, were the most marked changes. Severity of abnormality was not uniform across all channels, giving rise to multiple sub‐populations with differing functional characteristics. For example, 46% of V2475F(+/‐)‐RyR2 channels exhibited reduced Mg2+ inhibition and 23% were actually activated by Mg2+. Using homology modelling, we discovered that V2475 is situated at a hinge between two regions of the RyR2 helical domain 1 (HD1). Our model proposes that detrimental functional changes to RyR2 arise because mutation at this critical site reduces the angle between these regions. Our results demonstrate the necessity of characterising the total heterozygous population of CPVT1‐mutated channels in order to understand CPVT1 phenotypes in patients. Key points RyR2 mutations can cause type‐1 catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT1), a lethal, autosomal‐dominant arrhythmic disease. However, the changes in RyR2 ion‐channel function that result from the many different patient mutations are rarely investigated in detail and often only recombinant RyR2, homozygous for the mutation, is studied. As CPVT1 is a heterozygous disease and the tetrameric RyR2 channels expressed in the heart will contain varying numbers of mutated monomers, we have investigated the range of RyR2 single‐channel abnormalities found in the hearts of mice heterozygous for the CPVT1 mutation, V2475F(+/‐)‐RyR2. Specific alterations to ligand regulation of V2475F(+/‐)‐RyR2 were observed. Multiple sub‐populations of channels exhibited varying degrees of abnormality. In particular, an increased sensitivity to activating and inactivating cytosolic [Ca2+], and reduced sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition were evident. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the changes to RyR2 gating that destabilise sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐release causing life‐threatening arrhythmias in V2475F(+/‐)‐CPVT1 patients.

The biophysical properties of TRIC-A and TRIC-B and their interactions with RyR2

“…For the RyR2-only channels, we would expect a low maximum Po reflecting the fact that Ca 2+ , as a sole activator, is a partial agonist for RyR2 derived directly from cardiac tissue without purification (native channels; Ashley and Williams, 1990 ; Sitsapesan and Williams, 1994a ; Loaiza et al, 2013 ; Uehara et al, 2017 ). Similarly, considering RyR2 inactivation by cytosolic Ca 2+ , our results are in line with most of the published literature where RyR2 inhibition occurs at [Ca 2+ ] of 1 mM or lower ( Fruen et al, 1994 , 1996 ; Liu et al, 1998 ; Chamberlain et al, 1984 ; Meissner and Henderson, 1987 ; Zimányi and Pessah, 1991 ; Chu et al, 1993 ; Copello et al, 1997 ; Uehara et al, 2017 ; Wilson et al, 2021 ). Some groups find dissimilar results on maximum Po or RyR2 inactivation and these can be attributed to different methods of enrichment of RyR2, particularly where detergents have been used for purification ( Li and Chen, 2001 ; Xiao et al, 2007 ; Meli et al, 2011 ; Mukherjee et al, 2012 ).…”