The Utility of Animal Surveillance in the Detection of West Nile Virus Activity in Puerto Rico, 2007

Phoutrides, Elena; Jusino-Mendez, Tamara; Perez-Medina, Taonex; Seda-Lozada, Rafael; García-Negrón, Myriam; Davila-Toro, Francisco; Hunsperger, Elizabeth

doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0011

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…11 This paucity of viral isolations could be the result of a combination of reduced avian mortality, reduced viral loads within avian hosts, or limited mosquito testing. In addition to observation of reduced avian mortality in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America, serosurveys of equids have demonstrated evidence of spillover transmission 32,34,35,[40][41][42] without documented equine disease, until reaching the temperate latitudes of Argentina. 43 A number of theories could explain reduced virulence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

Brault¹,

Langevin

Ramey

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. A West Nile virus (WNV) isolate from Mexico (TM171-03) and BIRD1153, a unique genotype from Texas, have exhibited reduced murine neuroinvasive phenotypes. To determine if murine neuroinvasive capacity equates to avian virulence potential, American crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) and house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) were experimentally inoculated with representative murine neuroinvasive/non-neuroinvasive strains. In both avian species, a plaque variant from Mexico that was E-glycosylation competent produced higher viremias than an E-glycosylation-incompetent variant, indicating the potential importance of E-glycosylation for avian replication. The murine non-neuroinvasive BIRD1153 strain was significantly attenuated in American crows but not house sparrows when compared with the murine neuroinvasive Texas strain. Despite the loss of murine neuroinvasive properties of nonglycosylated variants from Mexico, our data indicate avian replication potential of these strains and that unique WNV virulence characteristics exist between murine and avian models. The implications of reduced avian replication of variants from Mexico for restricted WNV transmission in Latin America is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

Brault¹,

Langevin

Ramey

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Wild and domestic artiodactyls can be useful sentinel species for monitoring flavivirus activity [19–21]. Antibodies against St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and WNV have been found in white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) from the United States [22, 23], and against TBEV and WNV in different game species from the Czech Republic [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants

et al. 2016

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BackgroundDuring the last decade, the spread of many flaviviruses (Genus Flavivirus) has been reported, representing an emerging threat for both animal and human health. To further study utility of wild ruminant samples in West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance, we assessed spatio–temporal trends and factors associated with WNV and cross-reacting flaviviruses exposure, particularly Usutu virus (USUV) and Meaban virus (MBV), in wild ruminants in Spain. Serum samples from 4693 wild ruminants, including 3073 free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus), 201 fallow deer (Dama dama), 125 mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), 32 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 1262 farmed red deer collected in 2003–2014, were screened for WNV and antigenically-related flavivirus antibodies using a blocking ELISA (bELISA). Positive samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against WNV, USUV and MBV by virus micro-neutralization tests.ResultsMean flavivirus seroprevalence according to bELISA was 3.4 ± 0.5 % in red deer, 1.0 ± 1.4 % in fallow deer, 2.4 ± 2.7 % in mouflon and 0 % in roe deer. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed as main risk factors for seropositivity in red deer; year (2011), the specific south-coastal bioregion (bioregion 5) and presence of wetlands. Red deer had neutralizing antibodies against WNV, USUV and MBV.ConclusionsThe results indicate endemic circulation of WNV, USUV and MBV in Spanish red deer, even in areas without known flavivirus outbreaks. WNV antibodies detected in a free-living red deer yearling sampled in 2010, confirmed circulation this year. Co-circulation of WNV and USUV was detected in bioregions 3 and 5, and of WNV and MBV in bioregion 3. Sampling of hunted and farmed wild ruminants, specifically of red deer yearlings, could be a complementary way to national surveillance programs to monitor the activity of emerging flaviviruses.

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“…As demonstrated by animal studies, vaccination is an effective means for preventing WNV encephalitis, and the introduction of licensed veterinary vaccines has significantly reduced the incidence of equine disease (6), albeit at the cost of reducing the ability to use horses as sentinels of WNV spread (7). The first equine vaccine, introduced in 2002, comprised formalin-inactivated WNV adjuvanted with MetaStim adjuvant (West Nile Innovator; Pfizer) (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

An Inactivated Cell Culture Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (JE-ADVAX) Formulated with Delta Inulin Adjuvant Provides Robust Heterologous Protection against West Nile Encephalitis via Cross-Protective Memory B Cells and Neutralizing Antibody

Petrovsky

Larena

Siddharthan

et al. 2013

J Virol

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e West Nile virus (WNV), currently the cause of a serious U.S. epidemic, is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and member of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serocomplex. There is currently no approved human WNV vaccine, and treatment options remain limited, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity from human infection. Given the availability of approved human JE vaccines, this study asked whether the JE-ADVAX vaccine, which contains an inactivated cell culture JE virus antigen formulated with Advax delta inulin adjuvant, could provide heterologous protection against WNV infection in wild-type and ␤2-microglobulindeficient (␤2m ؊/؊ ) murine models. Mice immunized twice or even once with JE-ADVAX were protected against lethal WNV challenge even when mice had low or absent serum cross-neutralizing WNV titers prior to challenge. Similarly, ␤2m ؊/؊ mice immunized with JE-ADVAX were protected against lethal WNV challenge in the absence of CD8 ؉ T cells and prechallenge WNV antibody titers. Protection against WNV could be adoptively transferred to naive mice by memory B cells from JE-ADVAX-immunized animals. Hence, in addition to increasing serum cross-neutralizing antibody titers, JE-ADVAX induced a memory Bcell population able to provide heterologous protection against WNV challenge. Heterologous protection was reduced when JE vaccine antigen was administered alone without Advax, confirming the importance of the adjuvant to induction of cross-protective immunity. In the absence of an approved human WNV vaccine, JE-ADVAX could provide an alternative approach for control of a major human WNV epidemic.

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The Utility of Animal Surveillance in the Detection of West Nile Virus Activity in Puerto Rico, 2007

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants

An Inactivated Cell Culture Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (JE-ADVAX) Formulated with Delta Inulin Adjuvant Provides Robust Heterologous Protection against West Nile Encephalitis via Cross-Protective Memory B Cells and Neutralizing Antibody

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