Abstract:BackgroundCow's milk allergy is one of the most common food allergies among younger children. We investigated IgE antibodies to milk, and IgE and IgG4 antibodies to casein, α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in cow's milk allergic (CMA) and non-allergic (non-CMA) children in order to study their clinical usefulness.MethodsEighty-three children with suspected milk allergy (median age: 3.5 years, range: 0.8-15.8 years) were diagnosed as CMA (n = 61) or non-CMA (n = 22) based on an open milk challenge or convincin… Show more
“…The antibody response to BLG from milk in healthy, nonmilk-allergic adults was characterized by relatively low levels of pan IgG antibodies, which mainly belonged to the IgG4 subclass, and with a large interindividual vari- The relatively high serum levels of IgG4 to BLG shown in the present study have also been indicated in previous studies [20,21] . It is probably a consequence of repeated exposure to the antigen due to milk consumption leading to a strong IgG4 subclass antibody response in these tolerant individuals [7,8] .…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 71%
“…Studies in the area of food allergy have reported different findings and, whilst foodspecific IgG4 has been shown to increase during successful oral immunotherapy [22,23] , there are conflicting data on whether or not specific IgG4 is higher in children with food allergy compared to nonallergic children. Recent data suggest that antibody responses may vary with the allergen, dose, and timing of exposure [20,[24][25][26] . Most studies on specific serum IgG responses to food proteins have investigated responses to egg, milk, and wheat proteins, which are 3 of the "big eight" food allergens, i.e.…”
Background: Knowledge of human IgG subclass antibody responses to various allergens has been hampered by a lack of reliable standardized assays. The aim here was to develop quantitative immunoassays for human IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 antibodies using ImmunoCAP® technology and to evaluate their application. Methods: Enzyme conjugates with isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and calibrators composed of purified myeloma paraproteins were developed for each assay and used together with other standardized assay reagents for the Phadia® 100 instrument. The calibrators were adjusted to the international reference preparation IRP 67/86. The assays were characterized and used together with other standard ImmunoCAP assays to measure antibodies to various allergens in preliminary studies. Results: The new assays had limits of quantitation of 1.0 (IgG1), 4.6 (IgG2), and 0.04 mgA/L (IgG3), and coefficients of variation of <20%. Only some minor cross-reactivity with IgG2 was observed for the specific IgG1 assay. The specific IgG2 assay showed a bias for the allotype G2m(23) and compensation factors were used to adjust the measured concentrations accordingly. Preliminary studies indicated a strong and stable IgG4 antibody response to β-lactoglobulin in healthy individuals, a high IgG1 and even higher IgG2 antibody response to house dust mite in sensitized and nonsensitized subjects, and a mixed IgG subclass response to venom allergens in allergic patients with increasing IgG4 antibody levels during venom immunotherapy. Conclusions: The new research assays are valuable tools for immunological studies, enabling the characterization of antibody profiles using a standardized approach, and facilitating data interpretation and the comparison of results across studies.
“…The antibody response to BLG from milk in healthy, nonmilk-allergic adults was characterized by relatively low levels of pan IgG antibodies, which mainly belonged to the IgG4 subclass, and with a large interindividual vari- The relatively high serum levels of IgG4 to BLG shown in the present study have also been indicated in previous studies [20,21] . It is probably a consequence of repeated exposure to the antigen due to milk consumption leading to a strong IgG4 subclass antibody response in these tolerant individuals [7,8] .…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 71%
“…Studies in the area of food allergy have reported different findings and, whilst foodspecific IgG4 has been shown to increase during successful oral immunotherapy [22,23] , there are conflicting data on whether or not specific IgG4 is higher in children with food allergy compared to nonallergic children. Recent data suggest that antibody responses may vary with the allergen, dose, and timing of exposure [20,[24][25][26] . Most studies on specific serum IgG responses to food proteins have investigated responses to egg, milk, and wheat proteins, which are 3 of the "big eight" food allergens, i.e.…”
Background: Knowledge of human IgG subclass antibody responses to various allergens has been hampered by a lack of reliable standardized assays. The aim here was to develop quantitative immunoassays for human IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 antibodies using ImmunoCAP® technology and to evaluate their application. Methods: Enzyme conjugates with isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and calibrators composed of purified myeloma paraproteins were developed for each assay and used together with other standardized assay reagents for the Phadia® 100 instrument. The calibrators were adjusted to the international reference preparation IRP 67/86. The assays were characterized and used together with other standard ImmunoCAP assays to measure antibodies to various allergens in preliminary studies. Results: The new assays had limits of quantitation of 1.0 (IgG1), 4.6 (IgG2), and 0.04 mgA/L (IgG3), and coefficients of variation of <20%. Only some minor cross-reactivity with IgG2 was observed for the specific IgG1 assay. The specific IgG2 assay showed a bias for the allotype G2m(23) and compensation factors were used to adjust the measured concentrations accordingly. Preliminary studies indicated a strong and stable IgG4 antibody response to β-lactoglobulin in healthy individuals, a high IgG1 and even higher IgG2 antibody response to house dust mite in sensitized and nonsensitized subjects, and a mixed IgG subclass response to venom allergens in allergic patients with increasing IgG4 antibody levels during venom immunotherapy. Conclusions: The new research assays are valuable tools for immunological studies, enabling the characterization of antibody profiles using a standardized approach, and facilitating data interpretation and the comparison of results across studies.
“…In addition, many researchers have focused on β-LG with regard to oral tolerance induction [6-9]. However, in clinical practice, it is reported that casein, rather than β-LG, is the more dominant causal allergen in CMA [10, 11]. Casein is contained in various processed foods such as infant formulas; therefore, it is important to investigate the immunological properties of casein in these foodstuffs.…”
Background: Casein is the most dominant causal allergen in cow’s milk allergy (CMA). Casein hydrolysates are frequently applied in infant formulas for children with a risk or history of CMA. However, there is limited information on the oral tolerance-inducing ability of casein hydrolysates. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ingestion of casein hydrolysate induces tolerance to casein, ultimately preventing subsequent epicutaneous sensitization and development of an anaphylaxis reaction. Methods: BALB/c mice were orally administered casein or a casein hydrolysate (CNH) via the drinking water and were then epicutaneously sensitized by repeated exposure of casein on tape-stripped skin. Sensitization was assessed by basophil activation tests, the serum levels of casein-specific antibodies, and cytokine production from casein-stimulated spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells. Occurrence of an anaphylaxis reaction was evaluated by measuring rectal temperature and the plasma level of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) after oral casein challenges. The T cell population in the spleen and MLN was assessed by flow cytometry. Intestinal mast cells and basophils were analyzed histologically. Results: Sensitization and anaphylaxis reaction to casein were significantly suppressed in casein- or CNH-fed mice compared to controls. Prior ingestion of casein or CNH had no effect on the population of regulatory T cells and activated T cells in lymphoid tissues. Intestinal basophils increased by the epicutaneous sensitization of casein, which was suppressed in casein- or CNH-fed mice. Although the increase in the plasma level of mMCP-1 after oral challenge was suppressed in casein- or CNH-fed mice, there was no change in the number of intestinal mast cells. Conclusion: Prior ingestion of casein or CNH induced oral tolerance and suppressed subsequent epicutaneous sensitization and development of systemic anaphylaxis to casein.
“…However, for those with Bos d 8 levels lower than the 95 % CDP, a high number of false negatives were observed, suggesting that an OFC should still be performed in these patients. In a study by Ito et al [11], investigators measured serum sIgE to CM extract and CM components in 83 children with suspected CM allergy, 61 diagnosed as allergic and 23 as non-allergic based on results of an open OFC or a convincing history. The CM allergic group showed higher levels of CM, Bos d 8, and betalactoglobulin (Bos d 5) sIgE than the non-allergic group.…”
IgE-mediated food allergies are an important public health problem, affecting 5 % of adults and 8 % of children, with numerous studies indicating that the prevalence is increasing. Food allergic reactions can range in severity from mild to severe and life threatening. Accurate diagnosis of food allergy is necessary not only to provide appropriate and potentially life-saving preventive measures but also to prevent unwarranted dietary restrictions. The diagnosis of food allergy has traditionally been based on clinical history and food specific IgE (sIgE) testing, including skin prick testing (SPT), serum tests, or both. These tests tend to be extremely sensitive, but positive test results to foods that are tolerated are common. Studies of allergen component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) show that adjuvant use of this modality may provide a more accurate assessment in the diagnosis of food allergy, though the reported benefits are questionable for a number of major allergens. Furthermore, diagnostic cutoff values have been difficult to determine for allergens where component testing has been demonstrated to be beneficial.
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