The use of transgenic and naturally occurring mutants to understand and manipulate tomato fruit ripening

Gray, Julie E.; Picton, Steve; Giovannoni, Jim; Grierson, Don

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00149.x

Cited by 115 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The alc (Mutschler 1984) and nor (Tigchelaar et al 1973) genes, which are known to influence the expression of several other genes throughout fruit ripening, including one for polygalacturonase (Kinzer et al 1990), are also located on chromosome 10. In addition, cDNAs associated with fruit ripening such as ERT1, ERT10 and ERT15 are linked to the polygalacturonase gene locus (Gray et al 1994). According to Giovannoni et al (1999), ERT10 and ERT15 are mapped next to the gene coding for polygalacturonase (PGAL), and the ERT1 gene is 19.9 cM distant from the gene l-2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ripening of tomato fruit is characterized by a wide range of biochemical changes, including increase in respiration, ethylene synthesis, chlorophyll breakdown, accumulation of lycopene, decrease in organic acid and fruit softening (Gray et al 1994. In pleiotropic mutants, such as rin (ripening inhibitor), nor (non-ripening), Nr (Never ripe) and alc (alcobac¸a), the rates of these changes are drastically affected when compared with the pattern in non-mutant fruits.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Inheritance and genetic linkage analysis of a firm‐ripening tomato mutant

et al. 2002

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The tomato cv. ÔSanta ClaraÕ is widely cultivated among tomato producers in most of the South-east of Brazil. Recently, some plants of this cultivar were identified with morphological alterations in both vegetative and reproductive organs. These plants showed firm (firme) ripe fruits, slow and delayed ripening. They also had yellow leaves associated with precocious senescence and flowers with pale stigmas. The objective of this work was to determine the genetic model of inheritance for this mutation and to evaluate its effects on shelf life and loss of firmness in mature fruits, as well as analyse the occurrence of genetic relationships between this putative mutant and other pleiotropic mutants. Mutated plants were crossed with the non-mutant cv. ÔSanta ClaraÕ and some previously described pleiotropic mutants. Seeds of F 1 and F 2 generations and backcrosses were obtained for the segregation analysis. Morphological characteristics modified by this mutation are governed by a recessive gene with pleiotropic effects. In addition, the test of allelism showed a lack of genetic complementation between the ÔfirmeÕ mutant and lutescent-2 mapped on chromosome 10. Fruits of the ÔfirmeÕ mutant had a slower rate of softening compared with the cv. ÔSanta ClaraÕ and its hybrids. The fruit shelf life of the mutant ÔfirmeÕ was significantly superior to the other genotypes. No maternal effect was detected in either qualitative or quantitative characteristics. Based on the data, the mutation ÔfirmeÕ in the cv. ÔSanta ClaraÕ is located in the region containing the l-2 locus, which promoted alterations in ripening and post-harvest physiology of fruits. The mutation ÔfirmeÕ may represent a new allele of the gene lutescent-2 or a gene linked to physiological events of fruit ripening.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Inheritance and genetic linkage analysis of a firm‐ripening tomato mutant

et al. 2002

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“…The regulation of the expression of these genes appears to be complex. By analyzing transgenic and natural tomato mutants with deficient ethylene production or perception, severa1 groups have recently shown that the induction of the ripening process is regulated by at least two different pathways in tomato fruit Gray et al, 1994;Yen et al, 1995).…”

Section: High Co Affects Both Ethylene-and Developmentdependent Cenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…How this pathway regulates the expression of ripening-related genes is still poorly understood (Gray et al, 1994;Zarembinski and Theologis, 1994). The expression of PG, which is involved in the degradation of cell wall polyuronides, and ACO is probably mediated via this pathway, although the posttranscriptional processing of the former is ethylenedependent (Theologis, 1992).…”

Section: High Co Affects Both Ethylene-and Developmentdependent Cenementioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of Ripening-Associated Gene Expression in Tomato Fruits Subjected to a High CO2 Concentration

et al. 1997

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High concentrations of CO, block or delay the ripening of fruits. In this study we investigated the effects of high CO, on ripening and on the expression of stress-and ripening-inducible genes in cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit. Mature-green tomato fruits were submitted t o a high CO, concentration (20%) for 3 d and then transferred to air. These conditions effectively inhibited ripening-associated color changes and ethylene production, and reduced the protein content. No clear-cut effect was observed on the expression of two proteolysis-related genes, encoding polyubiquitin and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, respectively. Exposure of fruit t o high CO, also resulted in the strong induction of two genes encoding stress-related proteins: a ripening-regulated heatshock protein and glutamate decarboxylase. lnduction of these two genes indicated that high CO, had a stress effect, most likely through cytosolic acidification. In addition, high CO, blocked the accumulation of mRNAs for genes involved in the main ripeningrelated changes: ethylene synthesis (1 -aminocyclopropane-1 -carboxylic acid synthase and 1 -aminocyclopropane-1 -carboxylic acid oxidase), color (phytoene synthase), firmness (polygalacturonase), and sugar accumulation (acid invertase). The expression of ripening-specific genes was affected by CO, regardless of whether their induction was ethylene-or development-dependent. It is proposed that the inhibition of tomato fruit ripening by high CO, is due, i n part, t o the suppression of the expression of ripeningassociated genes, which is probably related t o the stress effect exerted by high CO,.

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“…To identify the function of genes and their role in the ripening process, an antisense RNA strategy has been used by several research groups and several transgenic plants showing reduced expression of ripening related genes have been obtained (Gray et al, 1994;Stearns and Glick, 2003). Transgenic tomato plants expressing an antisense polygalacturonase gene showed a reduction in PG transcripts as well in enzymatic activity during ripening and it was has been shown that in fruits with antisense PG the degradation of cellular wall pectins was inhibited but other aspects of maturation, such as ethylene production and lycopene accumulation were not affected (Smith et al, 1990;Brummell and Harpster, 2001).…”

Section: Genetic Manipulation Of Fruit Ripeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene and fruit ripening: from illumination gas to the control of gene expression, more than a century of discoveries

Chaves

Mello-Farias

2006

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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The effects of ethylene on plants have been recognized since the Nineteenth Century and it is widely known as the phytohormone responsible for fruit ripening and for its involvement in a number of plant growth and development processes. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in the ripening of climacteric fruit and the role that ethylene plays in this process have been central to fruit production and the improvement of fruit quality. The biochemistry, genetics and physiology of ripening has been extensively studied in economically important fruit crops and a considerable amount of information is available which ranges from the ethylene biosynthesis pathway to the mechanisms of perception, signaling and control of gene expression. However, there is still much to be discovered about these processes and the objective of this review is to present a brief historic account of how ethylene became the focus of fruit ripening research as well as the development and the state-of-art of these studies at both biochemical and genetic levels.

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The use of transgenic and naturally occurring mutants to understand and manipulate tomato fruit ripening

Cited by 115 publications

References 106 publications

Inheritance and genetic linkage analysis of a firm‐ripening tomato mutant

Inheritance and genetic linkage analysis of a firm‐ripening tomato mutant

Suppression of Ripening-Associated Gene Expression in Tomato Fruits Subjected to a High CO2 Concentration

Ethylene and fruit ripening: from illumination gas to the control of gene expression, more than a century of discoveries

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