The use of phospholipid fatty acid analysis to estimate bacterial and fungal biomass in soil

Frostegård, Åsa; Bååth, Erland

doi:10.1007/bf00384433

Cited by 2,152 publications

(1,138 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…By contrast, the hyphal samples in the present experiments contained 20-80 times more 16:lw5 than il5:0. Using conversion factors given by Frostegard & Baath (1996) it can be calculated from the amount of il5:0 that bacterial biomass constituted less than 1 °o of the samples. The PLFA 18: 2w6 is usually used as a signature fatty acid for fungi (Tunlid & White, 1992), and the small amount of this fatty acid compared with the other fatty acids showed that the sample content of saprophytic and other fungi was insignificant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen metabolism of external hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glornus intraradices

1996

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SUMMARYThe arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith was grown in symbiosis with Cucmnis sativus L. cv. Aminex (Fl hybrid) in mesh hags surrounded by a sand-filled hyphal compartment (HC), allowing only the fungal hyphae to protrude into the HC. The hyphae in the HC were supplied with '°N-labelled NH,* or NOj" after 60 d (expt 1). Following a 48 h labelling period, the sand was removed from the HC and the hyphae extracted. In another experiment (expt 2), the hyphae were extracted from the sand before being incubated in vitro in a nutrient solution containing '""'N-labelled NH^* for 15 h. The hyphal material was incubated in a 0 or 2'5 mM solution of the GOGAT-inhibitor albizzine prior to labelling. In both experiments the hypha! content of free amino acids and fatty acids w^ere measured as well as the amino acid ^°N enrichment.Asparagine was the hyphal amino acid measured in highest concentration followed by glutamine, glutamate, aspartate and alanine. Ornithine, serine and glycine were detected in lower concentrations, but y-ammobutyric acid and citrulline were not detectable. This pattern was the same in both experiments and was unaffected by the type of N applied to the hyphae or by preincubation with albizzine, although the amino-acid concentration decreased considerably in expt 2 compared with expt 1. Both NH^*-N and NO3~-N were assimilated into amino acids but the levels of '°N enrichment following application of NO3~ were much lower than those following application of NH^^ indicating that the latter was more readily assimilated. Albizzine decreased the hyphal amino acid concentration by c. 30 % (without affecting the ^°N enrichment of the individual amino acids) indicating that the AM-fungal hyphae might possess a GS-GOGAT enzyme system for assimilation of inorganic N. The fattyacid profiles (especially phospholipid fatty acids 16:lw5 and 20:5) obtained from the hyphae of G. intraradices showed that contamination of the samples by fungi other than G. intraradices and bacteria was insignificant, and confirmed the usefulness of specific fatty-acid measurement to estimate soil AM-fungal content.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen metabolism of external hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glornus intraradices

1996

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“…Phospholipids were saponified and methylated to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) under N 2 at 37°C and then dissolved in hexane containing a 19:0 (methyl nonadecanoate fatty acid) FAME standard. The resulting FAMEs were analyzed with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer ( (Sundh et al 1997;Spring et al 2000;ZechmeisterBoltenstern et al 2011); 18:1ω9c, 18:2ω6c, and 18:2ω9t for fungi (Frostegard and Bååth 1996;ZechmeisterBoltenstern et al 2011); and 10Me18:0 for Actinobacteria (Sundh et al 1997;Spring et al 2000). The PLFAs 16:1ω7c,18:1ω7t,19:1ω9t,18:1ω8t,18:1ω9t, and 18:1ω9c represent monounsaturated fatty acids, while 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, i15:0, a13:0, a15:0, a17:0, cyc17:0, and 10Me18:0 represent saturated fatty acids.…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Crop residue management and fertilization effects on soil organic matter and associated biological properties

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Xiying, "Crop residue management and fertilization effects on soil organic matter and associated biological properties" (2016 Abstract Returning crop residue may result in nutrient reduction in soil in the first few years. A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess whether this negative effect is alleviated by improved crop residue management (CRM). Nine treatments (3 CRM and 3 N fertilizer rates) were used. The CRM treatments were (1) R0: 100 % of the N using mineral fertilizer with no crop residues return; (2) R: crop residue plus mineral fertilizer as for the R0; and (3) Rc: crop residue plus 83 % of the N using mineral and 17 % manure fertilizer. Each CRM received N fertilizer rates at 270, 360, and 450 kg N ha −1 year −1 . At the end of the experiment, soil NO 3 -N was reduced by 33 % from the R relative to the R0 treatment, while the Rc treatment resulted in a 21 to 44 % increase in occluded particulate organic C and N, and 80°C extracted dissolved organic N, 19 to 32 % increase in microbial biomass C and protease activity, and higher monounsaturated phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA):saturated PLFA ratio from stimulating growth of indigenous bacteria when compared with the R treatment. Principal component analysis showed that the Biolog and PLFA profiles in the three CRM treatments were different from each other. Overall, these properties were not influenced by the used N fertilizer rates. Our results indicated that application of 17 % of the total N using manure in a field with crop residues return was effective for improving potential plant N availability and labile soil organic matter, primarily due to a shift in the dominant microorganisms.

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“…The following PLFAs were used as markers of each of the specific groups: Bacteria: i15:0, a15:0, 15:0, i16:0, 16:1u9t, 16:1u7c, i17:0, a17:0, cy17:0, 17:0, i18:0, 18:1u9t, 18:1u7c and cy19:0; Gram-positive bacteria: i15:0, a15:0, i16:0, i17:0, a17:0, i18:0; Gram-negative bacteria: 16:1u9t, 16:1u7c, cy17:0, 18:1u9t, 18:1u7c and cy19:0; Fungi: 18:2u6,9c and 18:1u9c; Actinobacteria: 10Me17:0 and 10Me19:0; Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi: 16:1u5c. (Frostegåd and Bååth, 1996;Zelles, 1997Zelles, , 1999Zelles et al, 1997;Olsson, 1999).…”

Section: Plfa Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil organic carbon and soil structure are driving microbial abundance and community composition across the arid and semi-arid grasslands in northern China

Hu¹,

Xiang²,

Veresoglou³

et al. 2014

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

157

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a b s t r a c tMicrobial biogeography through the study of the assembly rules of microbes has the potential to yield ecological information that is generalizable for a wide range of microorganisms. Here we performed a large-scale field investigation of the distribution patterns of microbes across the arid and semi-arid grassland ecosystems covering an area of 690,000 km 2 in northern China. Soil microbial abundance and community composition were examined through quantifying microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) at fifty sampling sites along environmental gradients. A multi-model inference analysis identified soil organic carbon (SOC) as a key driving factor for microbial biomass and quantified its effect. Structural equation models (SEM) were further fitted to the data to provide a better mechanistic resolution of direct and indirect pathways that connected PLFAs and environmental variables. The SEM analysis also supported that SOC was the main positive predictor of microbial biomass, while MAT served as the main negative factor via an indirect pathway. To visualize complex relationships between microbial community and environmental variables we engaged in a redundancy analysis. The result showed that PLFA profiles could be largely explained by the soil variables including soil structure (PSD) and pH. Overall, our report through the analysis of an unprecedented amount of primary data yields unique insights into the relative importance of abiotic factors in shaping microbial communities at large scales.

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The use of phospholipid fatty acid analysis to estimate bacterial and fungal biomass in soil

Cited by 2,152 publications

References 30 publications

Nitrogen metabolism of external hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glornus intraradices

Nitrogen metabolism of external hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glornus intraradices

Crop residue management and fertilization effects on soil organic matter and associated biological properties

Soil organic carbon and soil structure are driving microbial abundance and community composition across the arid and semi-arid grasslands in northern China

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