“…Modulating the brain with pharmacological agents during animal fMRI has a wide variety of traditional applications such as studying the global effects of compounds and their target neurotransmitter systems (Mueggler et al, 2001;Shah et al, 2004;Ferrari et al, 2012;Razoux et al, 2013;van der Marel et al, 2013;Jonckers et al, 2015). This approach does not require surgical methods, and is apt for identifying global or regional changes in function associated with new or existing drug therapies for neurotransmitter-related brain disorders (Leslie and James, 2000;Martin and Sibson, 2008;Canese et al, 2011;Bifone and Gozzi, 2012;Klomp et al, 2012;Minzenberg, 2012;Medhi et al, 2014), or to map the effect of exogenously administered neuromodulators. In addition, pharmacological challenges can be used to probe how targets and neurotransmitter systems modulate BOLD responses evoked by other stimuli or pharmacological agents (Marota et al, 2000;Hess et al, 2007;Schwarz et al, 2007;Knabl et al, 2008;Rauch et al, 2008;Shih et al, 2012a;Squillace et al, 2014;Shah et al, 2016;Decot et al, 2017;Bruinsma et al, 2018;Griessner et al, 2018).…”