The use of personal protective equipment as an independent factor for developing depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms in the postpartum period

Background This systematic review aims to explore the prevalence of the impact of the COVID-19, MERS, and SARS pandemics on the mental health of pregnant women. Methods All COVID-19, SARS and MERS studies that evaluated the mental health of pregnant women with/without gynaecological conditions that were reported in English between December 2000 – July 2021 were included. The search criteria were developed based upon the research question using PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid PsycINFO and EMBASE databases. A wide search criterion was used to ensure the inclusion of all pregnant women with existing gynaecological conditions. The Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale was used to assess the risk of bias for all included studies. Random effects model with restricted maximum-likelihood estimation method was applied for the meta-analysis and I-square statistic was used to evaluate heterogeneity across studies. The pooled prevalence rates of symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, stress, and sleep disorders with 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed. Results This systematic review identified 217 studies which included 638,889 pregnant women or women who had just given birth. There were no studies reporting the mental health impact due to MERS and SARS. Results showed that women who were pregnant or had just given birth displayed various symptoms of poor mental health including those relating to depression (24.9%), anxiety (32.8%), stress (29.44%), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (27.93%), and sleep disorders (24.38%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Discussion It is important to note that studies included in this review used a range of outcome measures which does not allow for direct comparisons between findings. Most studies reported self-reported measure of symptoms without clinical diagnoses so conclusions can be made for symptom prevalence rather than of mental illness. The importance of managing mental health during pregnancy and after-delivery improves the quality of life and wellbeing of mothers hence developing an evidence-based approached as part of pandemic preparedness would improve mental health during challenging times. Other The work presented in this manuscript was not funded by any specific grants. A study protocol was developed and published in PROSPERO (CRD42021235356) to explore several key objectives.

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“…] 2021 US 2402 N/A 100 Zhou Y [ 107. ] 2021 China 1266 N/A 101 Gluska H [ 108. ] 2021 Israel 421 N/A 102 Liu CH [ 109.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of mental ill-health in women during pregnancy and after childbirth during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

Delanerolle

McCauley

Hirsch

et al. 2023

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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“…Studies suggest that 14.8% to 40.7% (median = 35%) of mothers with PPD still met criteria for major depression with EPDS > 13 at less than 3 month (n = 8 studies 12,16,18,20,21,23,28,38 ); 27.4% at 1 week (n = 1 study 30 ) 38% to 44% (median = 39%) at 1 month (n = 3 studies 6,40,41 ); 30% to 39% (median = 36%) at 4 to 12 weeks (n = 3 studies 15,24,47 ); 12% to 36.3% (median 23.3%) at 2 months (n = 4 studies 4,27,32,44 ); and 30% to 80% (median = 33%) at 3 months (n = 6 studies 4,14,22,26,42,46 ); 9.6% to 60% (median = 27%), duration of months is not applicable (n = 11 studies 13,17,19,25,29,34,39,43,45,46 ), 12.4% at <5 months (n = 1 study 22 ). Overall, these findings suggest that at any time point between 1 week and <5 months postpartum, about 27% of mothers diagnosed with PPD still meet criteria for depression.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Ppd Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review

Usmani

Greca

Javed

et al. 2021

J Prim Care Community Health

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating worldwide effect on mental health. Recent studies correlate the spreading of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with symptoms of depression, most prominent in postpartum women. Our systematic literature review scope is to identify the risk factors and predictors for postpartum depression (PPD) and describe the steps that should be taken to help postpartum women. This study will help clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to elucidate the predictors of PPD during this pandemic and prevent these adverse outcomes in future crises. Methods: We conducted a systematic search by employing databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase to identify articles published before March 2021. About 463 publications were generated during our search process and from those, 36 were reviewed, summarized, and synthesized. Studies qualified the criteria if they (1) utilized qualitative or quantitative design, (2) explored the risk factors for PPD, and (3) were written in English. Quality evaluation of each study was achieved by using criteria set by Lincoln and Guba. Results: Prevalence of depression symptoms ranged from 7% to 80.8% in postpartum women during the SARS-COV 2 pandemic. The risk factors for PPD were classified into 6 major categories: socio-demographic, psychological, pre-existing pathology, metabolic factors, previous events of miscarriage, and media misinformation. Conclusion: It is extremely vital to care for women’s mental health during pregnancy and after childbirth during these unprecedented times. This review urges the need to design adequate interventions for this vulnerable population to prevent negative consequences of PPD.

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“…Hadar et al [31] investigated women during the first blockade of the COVID-19 epidemic and showed that those with higher scores had higher scores of EPDS and a higher risk of PPD compared to those with lower protective equipment impact scores home, and the reason for the impact [32] may be that the use of personal protective equipment may be an obstacle to communication between doctors and patients, and the psychological support patients receive would be correspondingly reduced.…”

Section: The Use Of Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Research Progress in Postpartum Depression in the Context of COVID-19

Zhang¹,

Liu²

2023

IJCEMR

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COVID-19 first began in December 2019 and has spread across the globe for nearly three years, and so far COVID-19 has caused more than 600 million infections and more than 6 million deaths worldwide. In terms of human health, COVID-19 as a respiratory disease, in addition to the direct damage to physical health caused by the disease itself, also has a direct or indirect impact on people's mental health, according to WHO reports that in the first year of the COVID-19 epidemic, the incidence of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety increased by more than 25%, increasing the number of patients by about 1 billion people, and postpartum women are one of the most Postpartum women are one of the most important populations, with postpartum depression being the most common. Studies from around the world have shown that the prevalence of COVID-19 affects postpartum women and postpartum depression to varying degrees and shows a diversity of influencing factors. In this paper, the effects of COVID-19 on postpartum women and postpartum depression around the world and the related responses and effects are reviewed in the hope of providing a reference for clinical management of postpartum depression in the COVID-19 setting.

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The use of personal protective equipment as an independent factor for developing depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms in the postpartum period

Cited by 8 publications

References 38 publications

The prevalence of mental ill-health in women during pregnancy and after childbirth during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

The prevalence of mental ill-health in women during pregnancy and after childbirth during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review

The Research Progress in Postpartum Depression in the Context of COVID-19

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