Neuronal connections are established through a series of developmental events that involve close communication between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. In the visual system, BDNF modulates the development of neuronal connectivity by influencing presynaptic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Increasing BDNF levels in the optic tectum of Xenopus tadpoles significantly increases both axon arborization and synapse density per axon terminal within a few hours of treatment. Here, we have further explored the mechanisms by which BDNF shapes synaptic connectivity by imaging tectal neurons, the postsynaptic partners of RGCs. Individual neurons were co-labeled with DsRed2 and a GFP-tagged postsynaptic density protein (PSD95-GFP) to visualize dendritic morphology and postsynaptic specializations simultaneously in vivo. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that PSD95-GFP predominantly localized to ultrastructurally identified synapses. Time-lapse confocal microscopy of individual, double-labeled neurons revealed a coincident, activity-dependent mechanism of synaptogenesis and axon and dendritic arbor growth, which is differentially modulated by BDNF. Microinjection of BDNF into the optic tectum significantly increased synapse number in tectal neuron dendritic arbors within 24 hours, without significantly influencing arbor morphology. BDNF function-blocking antibodies had opposite effects. The BDNF-elicited increase in synapse number complements the previously observed increase in presynaptic sites on RGC axons. These results, together with the timescale of the response by tectal neurons, suggest that the effects of BDNF on dendritic synaptic connectivity are secondary to its effects on presynaptic RGCs. Thus, BDNF influences synaptic connectivity in multiple ways: it enhances axon arbor complexity expanding the synaptic territory of the axon, while simultaneously coordinating synapse formation and stabilization with individual postsynaptic cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly and is characterized by progressive cognitive and memory deficits. The pathological hallmarks of AD include extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Although several mechanisms have been used to explain the underlying pathogenesis of AD, current treatment regimens remain inadequate. The neuroprotective effects of the polyphenolic stilbene resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) have been investigated in several in vitro and in vivo models of AD. The current review discusses the multiple potential mechanisms of action of resveratrol on the pathobiology of AD. Moreover, due to the limited pharmacokinetic parameters of resveratrol, multiple strategies aimed at increasing the bioavailability of resveratrol have also been addressed.

Background:: “Cerium oxide nanoparticles ( Aim and Objective:: The study“was aimed to analyze the chemical graph of crystal structure of Ceria Oxide(cuprite) Materials and Methods:: Chemical“graph theory plays an important role in modeling and designing any chemical structure. The topological indices are the numerical invariants of a molecular graph and are very useful for predicting their physical properties. For calculation, we have utilized the combinatorial processing strategy, edge partition technique, vertex partition strategy, analytic procedures, graph hypothetical tools, degree counting technique and entirety of degrees of neighbors technique. Moreover, Matlab programming have been utilized for the numerical computations and checks. We likewise utilized the maple for plotting these numerical outcomes.” Results:: We have“computed Heat of Formation and Entropy using degree based topological indices. More oreciously, our main results are based on some degree based topological indices, namely, the atom bond connectivity index Conclusion:: We discuss“these indices exhibited difference with the reported heat of formation and entropy of cuprite

The present work reports the high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of ∼−93.5 dB at 8.63 GHz and −97.6 dB at 8.61 GHz in the X- and Ku-bands for 10 and 20 wt % of barium hexaferrite (BaH) nanoparticle-loaded poly­(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based composite films with a thickness of ∼0.210 and 0.260 mm, respectively. BaH–PVDF composite films with a layer structure have been considered in the present report in order to establish an excellent EMI shielding material for the suppression of electromagnetic pollution, with good control on flexibility, surface area, and thickness. Structural and morphological measurements reveal that the polar β-phase crystallization of the BaH–PVDF composite films has been enhanced in comparison to the pure PVDF film, and these measurements also reveal the influence of BaH nanoparticles on structural alteration from nonpolar α-phase to the polar/electroactive β-phase of the PVDF matrix. The resultant BaH–PVDF composite films produce multiple interfaces between magnetic BaH nanoparticles and β-phase-enriched electroactive PVDF, which plays the most significant role for the enhancement of the EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) in the microwave/GHz frequency range. This high value of the EMI SE with >99.999999999% attenuation has not been found so far in the PVDF-based composite materials by anyone else. This particular feature of BaH–PVDF composite materials suggests that the BaH–PVDF composite films can be considered as the most useful ones for the fabrication of lightweight, flexible, and thickness-controlled EMI shielding materials for the reduction of pollution created by the electromagnetic waves in the microwave/GHz frequency region.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating worldwide effect on mental health. Recent studies correlate the spreading of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with symptoms of depression, most prominent in postpartum women. Our systematic literature review scope is to identify the risk factors and predictors for postpartum depression (PPD) and describe the steps that should be taken to help postpartum women. This study will help clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to elucidate the predictors of PPD during this pandemic and prevent these adverse outcomes in future crises. Methods: We conducted a systematic search by employing databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase to identify articles published before March 2021. About 463 publications were generated during our search process and from those, 36 were reviewed, summarized, and synthesized. Studies qualified the criteria if they (1) utilized qualitative or quantitative design, (2) explored the risk factors for PPD, and (3) were written in English. Quality evaluation of each study was achieved by using criteria set by Lincoln and Guba. Results: Prevalence of depression symptoms ranged from 7% to 80.8% in postpartum women during the SARS-COV 2 pandemic. The risk factors for PPD were classified into 6 major categories: socio-demographic, psychological, pre-existing pathology, metabolic factors, previous events of miscarriage, and media misinformation. Conclusion: It is extremely vital to care for women’s mental health during pregnancy and after childbirth during these unprecedented times. This review urges the need to design adequate interventions for this vulnerable population to prevent negative consequences of PPD.

SummaryThere is a progressive increase in cardiovascular disease with declining renal function, unexplained by traditional risk factors. A CD4 + T-cell sub-

No abstract

Social media plays an omnipresent role in our modern lives, influencing every aspect of it, mental health being one of them. There has been increased focus on social media in recent times, especially its role in the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. With various forms of social media, we hope to review the impact of various online platforms and emphasize their usage during the novel COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to a universal feeling of consternation throughout the world, mainly as a consequence of social distancing norms and cancellations of schools and places of work, which has affected not only the livelihood but also the way of life of scores of people.Despite the negative press social media often receives in the field of mental health, there are opportunities to utilize its impact positively. This is not limited to connecting persons to mental health resources, spreading information about available COVID-19 treatment, and allowing social connection across the world. In this article, we review the renewed role that social media has had and future possibilities for its usage in the fight against the current pandemic.