The use of mesenchymal stem cells for chondrogenesis

Endochondral Ossification for Enhancing Bone Regeneration: Converging Native Extracellular Matrix Biomaterials and Developmental Engineering In Vivo

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Insights into the conductive and inductive biomolecules that control EC ossification have been essential to tissue engineering strategies focusing on cartilage formation, 57,58 osteochondral defects, 59,60 and, more recently, bone regeneration (Tables 2-4). 27,43,57,58,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] While cartilage tissue engineering strategies have focused on inducing and maintaining chondrogenic phenotypes, the induction and modulation of cartilage hypertrophy is critical to the progression of EC ossification in bone regeneration designs. 9,33,34,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]72,[77][78][79]…”

The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on an extracellular matrix scaffold derived from porcine chondrocytes

“…MSCs are multipotent cells that can differentiate into various tissue types, particularly into mesengenic tissues including cartilage [15]. Many efforts have recently focused on cartilage tissue engineering using MSCs [16,17]. However, they are still critically limited by insufficient differentiation and loss of chondrogenic phenotypes at late stages of differentiation [18,19].…”

Chondrogenesis and Integration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Within an In Vitro Cartilage Defect Repair Model

“…5,23 A major challenge with MSC based cartilage repair therapies is to generate cells with features of stable chondrocytes which are resistant to hypertrophy and terminal differentiation, as found in hyaline articular cartilage. 42 Transplantation of isolated autologous bone-marrow derived MSCs suspended in hydrogels have been shown to promote the repair of articular cartilage defects in young and/or active patients. 27,57 Successful long-term regeneration of articular cartilage defects using chondrocytes, MSCs or otherwise, requires integration of the repair tissue with the surrounding host cartilage.…”