The use of lithium-ion batteries for JPL's Mars missions

Smart, Marshall C.; Ratnakumar, B. V.; Ewell, Richard; Surampudi, S.; Puglia, Frank; Gitzendanner, R.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.020

Cited by 65 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[11][12][13] A typical example is the application of radioisotope thermal generators in 2004 Mars Spirit and Opportunity rovers, which supported the normal operation of the battery packs under the ultralow temperature of −100 °C on Mars. [14] Given the additional cost, system complexity, and reduction in energy density, novel strategies for LIBs against low temperature without functional accessories are highly appealed. Exciting is that significant advances are being achieved recently with a landmark energy density of ≈140 Wh kg −1 at an extremely low temperature of −60 °C (Figure 1c).…”

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confidence: 99%

Critical Review on Low‐Temperature Li‐Ion/Metal Batteries

et al. 2022

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With the highest energy density ever among all sorts of commercialized rechargeable batteries, Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) have stimulated an upsurge utilization in 3C devices, electric vehicles, and stationary energy‐storage systems. However, a high performance of commercial LIBs based on ethylene carbonate electrolytes and graphite anodes can only be achieved at above −20 °C, which restricts their applications in harsh environments. Here, a comprehensive research progress and in‐depth understanding of the critical factors leading to the poor low‐temperature performance of LIBs is provided; the distinctive challenges on the anodes, electrolytes, cathodes, and electrolyte–electrodes interphases are sorted out, with a special focus on Li‐ion transport mechanism therein. Finally, promising strategies and solutions for improving low‐temperature performance are highlighted to maximize the working‐temperature range of the next‐generation high‐energy Li‐ion/metal batteries.

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confidence: 99%

Critical Review on Low‐Temperature Li‐Ion/Metal Batteries

et al. 2022

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“…The waste heat from such systems is utilized to heat secondary systems, such as on‐board electronics and the lithium‐ion battery pack, as was in the case of the 2012 Mars Curiosity rover. [ 10 ] In this instance as well as older missions like the 2004 Mars Spirit and Opportunity rovers, the battery cells were designed to ensure stable operation from −20 to 30 °C, even though the Martian surface itself can dip below −100 °C. [ 10 ] The onboard radioisotope heating systems were thus vital to maintaining a favorable temperature environment within the battery chamber and ensuring reliable power delivery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 10 ] In this instance as well as older missions like the 2004 Mars Spirit and Opportunity rovers, the battery cells were designed to ensure stable operation from −20 to 30 °C, even though the Martian surface itself can dip below −100 °C. [ 10 ] The onboard radioisotope heating systems were thus vital to maintaining a favorable temperature environment within the battery chamber and ensuring reliable power delivery. However, future missions with substantially decreased cost or onboard functionality may lack radioisotope heating systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Advanced Lithium‐Based Batteries for Low‐Temperature Conditions

Gupta

Manthiram

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

272

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requirements over the time of use, including variable rates, and pressures, and often most critical, temperatures. [2-4] The required low-temperature capabilities, shown in Figure 1, can present a critical roadblock toward the use of lithium-ion batteries. Commercial state-of-the-art batteries see noticeable drops in capacity retention and rate capability below 0 °C, and will rarely be recommended for use below −20 °C. [5] This limitation is defined by the kinetics of ion-transfer in solution; at low-temperatures, every stage of charge-transfer, from ion diffusion within the electrolyte and electrode materials to charge-transfer across the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, is significantly impeded. Low-temperature conditions, in which the environment itself has relatively limited thermal kinetic energy available, can present significant energetic hurdles within the chemical reaction pathway normally followed during charge and discharge at room temperature. In applications with recurring exposure to low-temperature conditions, particularly electric-vehicles and space applications, there is currently heavy reliance on secondary heating solutions coupled with thermal management systems in order to ensure consistent power delivery during operation. [6] Thermal management solutions can generally be classified as either internal, with thermal management elements integrated directly within the cell itself, or external, where thermal management solutions are applied to an entire pack or module. Internal solutions, including cells with integrated AC self-heating [7] or other internal self-heating structures, [8] are generally not feasible or practical to integrate within every cell used in an application given the added weight and complexity of such systems. [9] More commonly, external heating solutions are applied including thermal heating jackets or heating elements, warm-air heating, or liquid heat-transfer approaches. While these strategies may be more feasible to implement in practice than internal solutions, they also are accompanied by added weight, greater complexity, and reduced overall energy efficiency. [7,9] In space applications, there is often a reliance on radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs), which pair a thermoelectric generator with a decaying radioactive material to ensure consistent and reliable power generation energy. The waste heat from such systems is utilized to heat secondary systems, such Energy-dense rechargeable batteries have enabled a multitude of applications in recent years. Moving forward, they are expected to see increasing deployment in performance-critical areas such as electric vehicles, grid storage, space, defense, and subsea operations. While this at first glance spells great promise for conventional lithium-ion batteries, all of these usecases, unfortunately, share periodic and recurring exposures to extremely low-temperature conditions, a performance constraint where the lithiumion chemistry can fail to perform optimally. Next-generation chemistries employing alternative anodes...

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“…Recently, numerous spacecraft for deep-space missions have used lithium-ion secondary cells, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] whereas lithium primary cells are sometimes used in equipment such as rovers, cameras, and capsules released from the main body of the spacecraft because of their high energy density and high storage capability. One example is the Rosetta lander, named Philae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Li-CF<i><sub>x</sub></i> Cells Installed in Earth Re-entry Capsule of Interplanetary Spacecraft ‘HAYABUSA’

et al. 2021

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The interplanetary spacecraft HAYABUSA returned to Earth on June 13, 2010, and a capsule containing an asteroid sample was released. The capsule deployed a parachute and transmitted a beacon signal indicating its position. The ground facilities successfully detected the beacon and determined the landing position of the capsule. For these actions, electricity was supplied by Li-CFx cells installed in the electric unit of the capsule. These cells had to work after storage for 12 years, including 7 years of space flight.To confirm the performance of the flight cells, we prepared thermally degraded cells and tested their performance. We also discharged cells from the same lot as the flight cells. On the basis of the results, we expected proper performance of the cells up to landing of the capsule. These results were further compared with the discharge capability of the flight cells installed in the HAYABUSA capsule.Comparison of all these data enabled a reliable prediction of the performance of the Li-CFx cells after an extended storage period, including a period in which the cells were subjected to space-flight conditions.

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The use of lithium-ion batteries for JPL's Mars missions

Cited by 65 publications

References 21 publications

Critical Review on Low‐Temperature Li‐Ion/Metal Batteries

Critical Review on Low‐Temperature Li‐Ion/Metal Batteries

Designing Advanced Lithium‐Based Batteries for Low‐Temperature Conditions

Performance of Li-CF<i><sub>x</sub></i> Cells Installed in Earth Re-entry Capsule of Interplanetary Spacecraft ‘HAYABUSA’

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