The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves

Schaefer, A. L.; Cook, Nigel J.; Church, John S.; Basarab, J. A.; Perry, B. N.; Miller, Captain Phillip; Tong, A. K. W.

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.008

Cited by 154 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The Wisconsin health screening tool was designed for use twice a week to facilitate early detection of pre-weaned calves with BRD (McGuirk and Peek, 2014). We used a minimum rectal temperature of 39.5°C, in addition to respiratory scoring, for the identification of sick calves as rectal temperature has a higher specificity than respiratory scoring (Schaefer et al, 2007). Therefore, it was more accurate to include it along with the more subjective clinical score for the true identification of a BRD case (White and Renter, 2009).…”

Section: Environmental Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic feeding behavioural data as indicators of health status in dairy calves

Johnston¹,

Kenny²,

McGee³

et al. 2016

Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research

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The objectives of this study were (i) to characterise clinical health in dairy calves on an Irish research farm during the artificial calf-rearing period and (ii) to determine whether calves' pre-weaning intakes and feeding behaviour, recorded by electronic calf feeders, changes in response to incidents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Holstein-Friesian (H-F) and Jersey (J) calves were fed by automatic milk replacer (MR) and concentrate feeders. Feeding behaviour, including MR consumption, drinking speed, number of rewarded and unrewarded visits to the feeder as well as concentrate consumption, was recorded by the feeders. A modified version of the Wisconsin calf health scoring criteria chart was used to score calves' clinical measurements and identify incidences of BRD. Thus, 40% of calves were found to have at least one incident of BRD. Feeding behaviour was altered during incidents of BRD. The number of unrewarded visits to the feeder was reduced, by approximately four visits, for calves with BRD during the 3 d prior to the identification of BRD (P < 0.05) and tended to be reduced during the 7 d following the identification of BRD (P = 0.05), compared with healthy calves. Additionally, calves with BRD had a tendency for reduced net energy intake (approximately 8%) during the 3 d prior to the identification of BRD, compared with healthy calves. Therefore, calf feeding behavioural data, recorded by electronic feeders during the pre-weaning period, can indicate cases of BRD.

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Section: Environmental Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic feeding behavioural data as indicators of health status in dairy calves

Johnston¹,

Kenny²,

McGee³

et al. 2016

Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research

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“…The use of infrared thermography imaging has also resulted in low sensitivity (67.6%) and adequate specificity (86.8%) of identifying calves with bovine respiratory disease. 76 Thermography images can be relatively easy to capture, but in order to capture the images correctly the distance from the camera and the animal needs to be relatively consistent.…”

Section: Thermography Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Noninvasive Assessment of Pain and Health Status in Cattle

Theurer¹,

Amrine²,

White³

2013

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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SynopsisCattle behavior is frequently monitored to determine health and wellness state of the animal. The objective of this review is to describe potential benefits and challenges of remotely monitoring cattle behavior with available methodologies including clinical illness scores, visual monitoring, accelerometers, pedometers, feed intake and behavioral monitoring, global position systems, real time location systems, thermography images, and rumen telemetry temperature bolus. The behavior of interest, labor required, and monitoring expenses all need to be taken into consideration before deciding which remote behavioral monitoring device is most appropriate.Monitoring the feeding behavior of an animal over a period of time allows establishment of a baseline against which deviations in subsequent behavioral patterns can be evaluated.Interpretation of multiple behavioral responses as an aggregate indicator of animal wellness status rather than as individual outcomes may be a more accurate measure of true state of animal pain or wellness status. Key Points Cattle behavior is frequently monitored to determine health and wellness state.

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“…It has been used in detecting lameness, as well as other inflammatory conditions in horses (Equus caballus), 4 including subluxation of vertebra, abscesses, periostitis, and laminitis. 9 IRT has also been used to detect infectious disease in other animals, including bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in young cattle (Bos taurus), 12 bovine respiratory disease in cattle, 11 rabies infection in raccoons (Procyon lotor) 3 and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle. 10 Foot-and-mouth disease, caused by FMD virus (FMDV), is a severe, highly communicable viral disease and is the most feared disease of cattle in the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Infrared Thermography to Detect Thermographic Changes in Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Experimentally Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Dunbar¹,

Johnson²,

Rhyan³

et al. 2009

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Infrared thermography (IRT) measures the heat emitted from a surface, displays that information as a pictorial representation called a thermogram, and is capable of being a remote, noninvasive technology that provides information on the health of an animal. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) caused by FMD virus (FMDV) is a severe, highly communicable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including both domestic and wild ruminants. Early detection of the disease may reduce economic loss and loss of susceptible wildlife. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of IRT to detect possible heat changes associated with sites of infection with FMDV in experimentally infected mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Infection occurred through either inoculation with FMDV or exposure to inoculated animals. Early vesicular lesions were observed on the mouth, feet, or both within 24 hrs postinoculation and 48-96 hrs post-exposure. From internal temperature sensors, the exposed animals' body temperatures elevated significantly from the pre-infection temperature (38.8uC, P # 0.002) starting the day before any lesions were observed. Body temperature was also found not to be significantly different from eye temperatures of well-focused thermograms. For feet thermograms, the mean of the daily maximum (MMAX) foot temperature rose significantly (P 5 0.017) from two days before (27.3uC 6 1.9uC SE) to the maximum MMAX observed (33.0uC 6 2.0uC SE) at two days after the first foot lesion occurrence. These observed changes indicate that IRT may be a rapid, remote, and noninvasive method to screen for suspect animals in order to test further for FMDV infection during an FMD outbreak.

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The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves

Cited by 154 publications

References 10 publications

Electronic feeding behavioural data as indicators of health status in dairy calves

Electronic feeding behavioural data as indicators of health status in dairy calves

Remote Noninvasive Assessment of Pain and Health Status in Cattle

Use of Infrared Thermography to Detect Thermographic Changes in Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Experimentally Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease

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