The Use of Herbal Preparations to Alleviate Climacteric Disorders and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in a German Case-Control Study

Obi, Nadia; Chang‐Claude, Jenny; Berger, Jürgen; Braendle, W.; Slanger, Tracy; Schmidt, Martina E.; Steindorf, Karen; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Flesch-Janys, Dieter

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0298

Cited by 37 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Black cohosh has not been shown to increase BC risk in postmenopausal women. In contrast, there was a trend for BC risk reduction in healthy women 49 , and a reduced BC recurrence risk in breast BC survivors 50 . Furthermore, black cohosh does not increase mammographic breast density or breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women 51 .…”

Section: Fractionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The impact of testosterone, tibolone and black cohosh on purified mammary and placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

Stute

Kalkhake

Kiesel³

et al. 2014

Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry

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Context: Mammary and placental 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17bHSD1). Objective: To assess the impact of testosterone, tibolone, and black cohosh on purified mammary and placental 17bHSD1. Materials and methods: 17bHSD1 was purified from human mammary gland and placenta by column chromatography, its activity was monitored by a radioactive activity assay, and the degree of purification was determined by gel electrophoresis. Photometric cofactor transformation analysis was performed to assess 17bHSD1 activity without or in presence of testosterone, tibolone and black cohosh. Results: 17bHSD1 from both sources displayed a comparable basal activity. Testosterone and tibolone metabolites inhibited purified mammary and placental 17bHSD1 activity to a different extent, whereas black cohosh had no impact. Discussion: Studies on purified enzymes reveal the individual action of drugs on local regulatory mechanisms thus helping to develop more targeted therapeutic intervention. Conclusion: Testosterone, tibolone and black cohosh display a beneficial effect on local mammary estrogen metabolism by not affecting or decreasing local estradiol exposure.

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Section: Fractionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The impact of testosterone, tibolone and black cohosh on purified mammary and placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

Stute

Kalkhake

Kiesel³

et al. 2014

Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry

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“…Of 4 studies examining the impact on breast cancer risk, 2 studies found no significant association, 21,23 and 2 reported an inverse relationship such that black cohosh use was associated with significantly reduced risk of primary breast cancer incidence or breast cancer recurrence, including the study of black cohosh combined with tamoxifen. 24,25 With respect to hot flashes, current Where the comparator is an active agent such as HRT, the effect on the selected endpoints is reported as change over time within the black cohosh group only;: for instance, the effect of 2 months of black cohosh treatment on endometrial thickness, compared to baseline.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Cohosh and Breast Cancer

et al. 2013

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Background. Many women use black cohosh as a natural treatment for menopausal symptoms. However, controversy exists around safety in breast cancer, because of its purported estrogenic activity. We conducted a systematic review of black cohosh use in women with or at risk of breast cancer.Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and AMED from inception to July 2012 and October 2012 for human interventional or observational data pertaining to the safety and efficacy of black cohosh in patients with or at risk of breast cancer, including an assessment of the effect of black cohosh on estrogen responsive tissues. Results. Of 450 records, we included 26 articles: 14 randomized controlled trials, 7 uncontrolled trials, and 5 observational studies.The evidence on efficacy for ho t flashes is divided, with some benefits seen when compared with baseline, but not when compared with placebo. Two observational studies found no association between black cohosh and risk of breast cancer, whereas 2 studies reported significant reductions in risk of primary breast cancer among postmenopausal women (adjusted odds ratio = 0.47, 95% confidence interval = 0.27-0.82), and risk of recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval = 0.63-0.89). Seventeen trials showed no significant impact on circulating hormone levels or proliferation in estrogen responsive tissues. Conclusions. Current evidence does not support an association between black cohosh and increased risk of breast cancer. There is a lack of evidence supporting the efficacy of black cohosh for reduction of hot flashes in breast cancer patients. Given conflicting but promising results, and apparent safety, further research is warranted.

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“…A recent very important epidemiologic finding claims that soy protection against cancer is independent from the estrogen receptor (ER) status ( Figure 3), and irrespective of whether a breast cancer is ER-positive (ERq) or ER-negative (ER-) or whether patients are Oriental (14)(15)(16) or Caucasian women (17). This finding clarifies earlier epidemiologic studies, which were not specifically designed to investigate this question.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…This finding clarifies earlier epidemiologic studies, which were not specifically designed to investigate this question. Authors of these new epidemiological findings seek a new explanation concerning soy cancer protection mechanisms beyond hormone receptors (16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer protection of soy resembles cancer protection during pregnancy

Rohr¹,

Gocan²,

Bachg³

et al. 2010

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation

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It has been established that carrying a pregnancy to full-term at an early age can protect against contracting cancer by up to 50% in later life. The trophoblast theory of cancer states that trophoblast and cancer tissue are very similar. New findings suggest that the loss of fetal cells during pregnancy resemble those cells responsible for causing metastasis in cancer. Fetal cells and spreading cancer cells are highly proliferative. They are similar to stem cells, exhibiting no or low hormone receptor expression, and require a hormone receptor independent mechanism for control. Control of membrane stability during pregnancy is of vital importance for a successful pregnancy and is mediated by androstenediol and 2-methoxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol has no hormone receptor affinity and elicits strong anticancer effects particularly against cancer stem cells and fetal cells, for which currently no treatment has yet been established. There is a discussion whether pregnancy reduces cancer stem cells in the breast. Soy isoflavones are structurally similar to both hormones, and elicit strong anticancer effects and antiangiogenesis via inhibition of NF-κB, even in hormone receptor independent breast cancers seen in epidemiologic studies. The trophoblast theory of cancer could help to explain why soy baby nutrition formulas have no effect on baby physiology, other than the nutritional aspect, although soy elicits many effects on the adult immune system. To survive the immune system of the mother, the immune system of the fetus has to be separated; otherwise, the reduction of the immune system in the mother, a necessary feature for the blastocyst to grow, would immediately reduce the immunity for the fetus and endanger its survival. Similar to a fetus, newly born babies show immune insensitive to Th1 and Th2 cytokines, which are necessary and crucial for regulating the immune system of the mother, thus raising the risk of the baby of developing allergies and neurodermatitis. Gene expression studies in vitro as well as in circulating tumor cells from patients consuming a fermented soy product support the antiangiogenic as well as antiproliferative effects of soy.

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The Use of Herbal Preparations to Alleviate Climacteric Disorders and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in a German Case-Control Study

Cited by 37 publications

References 40 publications

The impact of testosterone, tibolone and black cohosh on purified mammary and placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

The impact of testosterone, tibolone and black cohosh on purified mammary and placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

Black Cohosh and Breast Cancer

Cancer protection of soy resembles cancer protection during pregnancy

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