The Use of Force between the Police and Persons with Impaired Judgment

Kaminski, Robert J.; Digiovanni, Clete; Downs, R. L.

doi:10.1177/1098611103253456

Cited by 106 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For example, looking just at calls involving persons with mental illness, Green found that officers were more likely to arrest subjects with criminal records and less likely to take any type of formal action (arrest or transport to hospital) with subjects that were homeless (1997). Subject gender, race and appearance have also been found to influence officer decisions (Alpert et al 2004;Engel and Silver 2001;Kaminski et al 2004;Novak and Engel 2005).…”

Section: Police Response To Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 94%

Outcomes of Police Contacts with Persons with Mental Illness: The impact of CIT

Watson

Ottati

Morabito

et al. 2009

Adm Policy Ment Health

149

123

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The Crisis intervention team model (CIT) is possibly the most well known and widely adopted model to improve police response to persons with mental illness. A primary goal of CIT programs is to divert individuals with mental illness from the criminal justice system to mental health services. In this paper we examine the effectiveness of fielding CIT trained and supported officers for influencing call outcomes using data from patrol officers (n = 112) in four Chicago Police districts. Results from regression analysis indicate that CIT certified officers directed a greater proportion of persons with mental illness to mental health services than their Non-CIT certified peers. CIT did not have an immediate effect on arrest. Moderator analysis indicates that CIT had its biggest effect on increasing direction to services and decreasing "contact only" among officers who have a positive view of mental health services and who know a person with mental illness in their personal life. Additional moderators of the CIT effect on call outcomes include level of resistance and the presence of a weapon. Findings from this study have important implications for policy, practice and future research.

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Section: Police Response To Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 94%

Outcomes of Police Contacts with Persons with Mental Illness: The impact of CIT

Watson

Ottati

Morabito

et al. 2009

Adm Policy Ment Health

149

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many studies suggest that approximately 10% of officers are injured during use-of-force incidents (Henriquez 1999;Kaminski 2004;Kaminski et al 2004;Smith and Petrocelli 2002;Smith et al 2007), but some studies have observed rates of up to 38% (Alpert and MacDonald 2001;Kaminski and Sorensen 1995). Recorded injuries are relatively minor in terms of severity (Alpert et al 2000;Brandl 1996;Brandl and Stroshine 2003;Kaminski 2004).…”

Section: Use Of Bwcs To Reduce Assaults Against Police Officersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers

et al. 2017

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Objectives Recently, scholars have applied self-awareness theory to explain why bodyworn cameras (BWCs) affect encounters between the public and police, with its most immediate manifestation being a reduction in the use of force by and complaints against police. In this study, we report on the paradoxical effects of BWCs in the context of assaults on officers. Methods A multisite randomized controlled trial in ten departments, with officers wearing (or not wearing) BWCs based on random assignment of shifts. Odds ratios are used to estimate the treatment effect on assaults, along with Bone study removedŝ ensitivity analyses. Further subgroup analyses are performed in terms of varying degrees of officers' discretion, to enhance the practical applications of this multisite experiment. Finally, before-analyses are applied as well, control shifts (M = 28.38; SD = 15.99), which translate into 37% higher odds of assault in treatment shifts than in control conditions. The perverse direction and relative magnitude in each experimental site in eight out of ten sites were consistent. The backfiring treatment effect was substantially more pronounced in low discretion sites, i.e., where officers strongly followed the experimental protocol (OR = 2.565; 95% CI 1.792, 3.672). At the same time, before-after analyses show that assaults were overall reduced by 61% in the participating police departments, thus suggesting paradoxical effects.Conclusions We explain these findings using self-awareness theory. Once self-aware that their performance is being observed by BWCs, officers become at risk of being assaulted. Results suggest that under some circumstances, self-awareness can lead to excessive self-inspection that strips power-holders of their ability to function under extreme situations. This mechanism is potentially a function of Bover-deterrence^. The study further demonstrates the benefits of applying psychosocial theories to the study of social control and deterrence theories more broadly, with a robust and falsifiable mechanism that explains the conditions under which being observed stimulates either appropriate or perverse consequences.

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“…Officers may also base decisions on the gender, race, or appearance of the suspect (37,38). Specifically, transience may affect police behavior (39).…”

Section: The Temporal Horizonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizons of Context: Understanding the Police Decision to Arrest People With Mental Illness

Morabito¹

2007

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The criminalization hypothesis assumes that deinstitutionalization coupled with inadequate police training has led to the increased arrest of people with mental illness. Arrest is viewed as a means to manage the troublesome behavior that often results from mental illness. Supporting research has emphasized the contributing role that illness plays in the arrest decision. This assumption largely ignores an extant criminal justice literature on the factors that influence arrest. On the basis of a review of this criminal justice literature, beginning with Bittner's 1967 seminal work, a framework is proposed that incorporates three contexts-manipulative, temporal, and scenic-surrounding the police encounter and the relationship of these contexts to mental illness. These three "horizons" incorporate the characteristics of the community, the offender, and the incident, all of which are recognized as influential in shaping police discretion. The scenic horizon is indicative of the features of the community. The temporal horizon includes police knowledge that stretches beyond the specific incident and officer characteristics. The manipulative horizon involves the current incident from the standpoint of the officer and includes considerations of safety for the community as well as the immediate concerns of the officer. Implications of this framework are then explored with respect to both police and mental health service mandates.

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The Use of Force between the Police and Persons with Impaired Judgment

Cited by 106 publications

References 14 publications

Outcomes of Police Contacts with Persons with Mental Illness: The impact of CIT

Outcomes of Police Contacts with Persons with Mental Illness: The impact of CIT

Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers

Horizons of Context: Understanding the Police Decision to Arrest People With Mental Illness

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