“…This phenomenon indicates that the production of rebar is becoming massive each year, along with its associated emissions, namely carbon dioxide, Sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and other particulates. Due to the escalating environmental impact of cement and rebar production, alternative materials need to be discussed (Dixit, et al, 2019) (Riofrio, et al, 2022), such as the utilization of ground glass and coal bottom ashes (Kasaniya, et al, 2021), fly ashes (Pangestuti, et al, 2018), and bamboo leaf (Odeyemi, et al, 2022).…”