The Use of Corn Gluten Meal as a Natural “Weed and Feed” Material for Turf

Christians, Nick E.; Liu, Dianna L.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.27.6.587g

Cited by 30 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Corn gluten meal is about 10% nitrogen by weight (Christians 1993), and thus, it would have supplied an additional 1.53 kg N/0.01 ha during the growing season. Therefore, a combined 2.36 kg N/0.01 ha was supplied by both Ringer® Lawn Restore® and corn gluten meal in the organic program during the growing season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of aesthetic, biological, and economic effectiveness of different lawn management programs

Alumai¹,

Salminen²,

Richmond

et al. 2008

Urban Ecosyst

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We evaluated aesthetic (lawn quality), biological (weeds and insect pests), and economic (management costs) effectiveness of a commercial (managed by a professional company), consumer (managed using consumer lawn care products following labeled instructions), integrated pest management (IPM) (pesticide applications based on monitoring and thresholds), organic (monitoring and need-based organic and natural product applications), and an untreated lawn care program. Percent weed cover was the lowest in the commercial followed by IPM, organic, and consumer programs. The commercial program had lower white grub density than all other programs, and the organic program had lower white grub density than the untreated program. The commercial program had the highest lawn quality while the untreated program had the lowest. The IPM and organic programs did not differ significantly in lawn quality, but both rated significantly higher than the consumer program. Annual costs were highest in the commercial ($382/0.05 ha) followed by the organic ($305/0.05 ha), IPM ($252/0.05 ha), and consumer program ($127/0.05 ha), respectively. We conclude that the commercial program produced the highest lawn quality, and weed and insect control, and was the most expensive. The IPM and organic programs were cheaper than the commercial program and produced slightly lower lawn quality. Although the consumer program was the cheapest, it produced the lowest weed control and lawn quality among treated lawns.Keywords Lawn quality . Percent weed cover . White grub density . Lawn management cost . IPM lawn management program .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of aesthetic, biological, and economic effectiveness of different lawn management programs

Alumai¹,

Salminen²,

Richmond

et al. 2008

Urban Ecosyst

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“…Creeping bentgrass was then seeded into each plot. Although creeping bentgrass development was not inhibited as a result of the inoculated corn meal, its establishment was reduced in the plots where fresh non-inoculated corn meal was applied (Christians, 1993). This unexpected finding generated research questions regarding the role of corn meal in weed control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…establishment after the incorporation of corn meal into the top 7.5 to 10.0 cm of the soil surface (Christians, 1993). The original intent of the Iowa research was to determine the weed control potential that a Pythium fungus cultured on corn meal would have on creeping bentgrass establishment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This unexpected finding generated research questions regarding the role of corn meal in weed control. Christians (1993) conducted further research to evaluate the weed control potential of applying corn starch, corn gluten meal (CGM), corn germ, corn seed fiber, or corn meal to the soil surface with the objective of determining the weed control efficacy of the various corn seed components. The research determined that CGM produced the greatest inhibitory effect and reduced root formation in several weed species, including creeping bentgrass and crabgrass (Digitaria spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corn Gluten Meal Applicator for Weed Control in Organic Vegetable Production

Webber

Shrefler

2007

Journal of Vegetable Science

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Producers of organic vegetables often report that weeds are their most troublesome production problem. Corn gluten meal (CGM), a by-product of the wet-milling process of corn, is phytotoxic. As a preemergence or preplant-incorporated herbicide, CGM inhibits root development, decreases shoot length, and reduces plant survival of weed or crop seedlings. The development of a mechanized application method for CGM and the ability to apply the material in a banded pattern would increase its use in organic vegetable production, especially in direct-seeded vegetables. The objective was to develop a mechanized method to uniformly apply CGM to the soil surface in either a solid (broadcast) or banded pattern. An applicator was assembled using various Charles L. Webber, III (machinery components (fertilizer box, rotating agitator blades, 12-volt motor, and fan-shaped, gravity-fed, row-banding applicators). The equipment was evaluated for the application of two CGM formulations (powdered and granulated), three application rates (250, 500, and 750 g/m 2 ), and two application configurations (solid and banded). Field evaluations were conducted during the summer of 2004 on 81 cm wide raised beds at Lane, OK. Differences between CGM formulations affected flow rate within, and between, application configurations. The granulated formulation flowed at a faster rate, without clumping, compared with the powdered formulation, while the CGM in the banded configuration flowed faster than the solid application. The delivery of CGM powder with the solid application configuration was inconsistent and unreliable, and therefore this material is considered impracticable when used in this configuration without further modifications to the equipment. The feasibility of using equipment, rather than manual applications, to apply CGM to raised beds for organic weed control purposes was demonstrated. Equipment alterations will increase the efficiency and potential usefulness of this equipment. If future research determines that the weed control efficacy between the two CGM formulations is equivalent, the granulated formulation would be the preferred one for use in this application equipment because it flows more smoothly. This equipment would be useful for evaluating benefits of banded applications of CGM for weed control efficacy and crop safety for direct-seeded vegetables.

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“…Very few chemical weed control options have been approved for organic use and corn gluten meal (CGM) is the only preemergence herbicide certified for use in organic production. Christians (1993) was the first to determine that corn meal was phytotoxic, reducing creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) establishment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Corn Gluten Meal on Direct-Seeded Vegetable Seedling Establishment

Webber

Shrefler

2008

International Journal of Vegetable Science

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Corn gluten meal (CGM) may be used as a preemergent or preplant-incorporated herbicide for organic weed control of young C. L. Webber III developing or emerging weed seedlings. Unfortunately, CGM can also adversely impact seedling survival of certain direct-seeded vegetable crops. Various vegetable crop seedlings respond differently to CGM applications, and the impact of CGM applications on direct-seeded cucurbit crops or dry beans has not yet been determined. Field research was conducted in southeast Oklahoma (Lane, OK) to determine the phytotoxic impact of CGM application and incorporation methods on seedling establishment of black and pinto bean (both Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) and watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. A factorial experiment was repeated twice during the 2001 growing season with 5 CGM application rates, 3 incorporation methods, 4 crops, and 4 replications. The Bernow fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Glossic Paleudalf soil was prepared for planting by plowing, fertilizing, and forming raised beds. CGM was applied by hand at 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 kgиha Ϫ1 . An untreated control was included. Three incorporation methods included tilling prepared beds to a depth of 2.5 to 5.0 cm either before or after application of CGM, or leaving the beds undisturbed. 'Black Knight' black bean, 'Apache' pinto bean, 'Magnum 45' cantaloupe, and 'Allsweet' watermelon were direct-seeded on raised beds. Stand data were collected 14, 20, and 31 days after planting. CGM applications adversely affected seedling establishment of all direct-seeded vegetable crops. Injury and morality occurred prior to seedling emergence. In all but 2 isolated instances the lowest CGM rate significantly decreased seedling establishment. Seedling mortality percentages at 1,000 kgиha Ϫ1 , averaged across evaluation dates and incorporation methods, were 66% (black bean), 58% (pinto bean), 50% (cantaloupe), and 58% (watermelon) increased as CGM application rate increased. Although all of the CGM applications rates significantly decreased seedling survival for these crops, the potential usefulness of CGM as an organic herbicide should encourage additional research to develop safer application methods for CGM. Once seedlings of these crops are established, as transplants or emerged direct-seeded plants, CGM may be safe to use. Research should investigate the impact of application rates below 1000 kgиha Ϫ1 on direct-seeded vegetables, CGM applications on other cucurbit crops, different application methods, and weed control efficacy of CGM when used with these vegetable crops.

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The Use of Corn Gluten Meal as a Natural “Weed and Feed” Material for Turf

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Comparative evaluation of aesthetic, biological, and economic effectiveness of different lawn management programs

Comparative evaluation of aesthetic, biological, and economic effectiveness of different lawn management programs

Corn Gluten Meal Applicator for Weed Control in Organic Vegetable Production

Impact of Corn Gluten Meal on Direct-Seeded Vegetable Seedling Establishment

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