The Use of Biochip Array Technology for Rapid Multimycotoxin Screening

Abstract

The main known groups of mycotoxins are aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin), type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol), and zearalenones. They are harmful to humans, domestic animals, and livestock. In Europe, maximum permitted limits for aflatoxin B1 are set, and guidance levels are recommended for the other mycotoxins. This study applied biochip array technology to semiquantitative multimycotoxin screening at different levels to facilitate the verification of the compliance of feed material with acceptable safety standards. This application was developed and validated based on European Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. After a single generic sample-preparation method, simultaneous competitive chemiluminescent immunoassays were used and applied to the Evidence Investigator analyzer. The r and within-laboratory R values showed low overall CVs (10.6 and 11.6%, respectively). Low matrix effect and, consequently, low decision limits and detection capabilities proved the high sensitivity of the technology. The overall average recovery was 104%. Samples (n = 16) investigated within the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) program showed excellent correlation to assigned values. FAPAS proficiency-testing feed samples (n = 10) were within the schemes' z-score ±2 range. The authentic feed samples survey showed excellent correlation with LC-MS/MS. This application is, therefore, reliable and represents an innovative, cost-effective, and multianalytical tool for mycotoxin screening.

Prevalent Mycotoxins in Animal Feed: Occurrence and Analytical Methods

“…For example, electrochemical immunosensors were designed to determine AFB 1 in maize [121,122] and for FB 1 and DON determination in the same matrix [123]. Plotan et al [124] applied an innovatively biochip array technology to multi-mycotoxin semi-quantitative screening in a large variety of feed ingredients, obtaining an overall average recovery of 104%. An optical aptasensor was developed based on the hybridization chain reaction amplification strategy and fluorescent perylene probe/DNA composites for ultrasensitive detection of OTA [125].…”

T-2 mycotoxin: toxicological effects and decontamination strategies

“…China has limited the presence of the toxin in animal feed to 0.08 mg/kg, Iran and Canada have set the value for cattle animal feed to 0.1 mg/kg, while Canadian feed for poultry and swine has a maximal limit of 1.0 mg/kg of the T-2 toxin [97]. Currently, biochip array technology is in use for rapid multi-mycotoxin screening, including the screening of the T-2 and HT-2 toxins [98]. …”

Simultaneous screening of antibiotic residues in honey by biochip multi-array technology

“…In a study in which Mahmoudi et al (18) determined antibiotic residues in honey in Iran using the ELISA method, it was reported that the samples obtained in the summer and autumn were detected with tylosin residues whereas the samples obtained in the spring had no tylosin residues. The majority of the researchers have examined the existence of antibiotics residues by biochip array technology (16,20,23,24,34). O'Mahony et al (20) screened the residues of nitrofuran antibiotics which should not exist in honey by a chemiluminescencebased biochip array sensing technique.…”