The Use of Augmented Reality in Formal Education: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Augmented Reality (AR) is recognized as one of the most important developments in educational technology for both higher and K-12 education as emphasized in Horizon report (Johnson et al., 2016(Johnson et al., , 2015. Furthermore, AR is expected to achieve widespread adoption that will take two to three years in higher education and four to five years in K-12 education (Johnson et al., 2016(Johnson et al., , 2012. If this is the current state of the art for the use of AR in education, it is important to investigate how educators and researchers integrate AR into teaching-learning processes. Looking from such a glimpse, the purpose of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant research regarding the emergence of augmented reality, the links to pedagogy and educational outcomes, specifically in the context of formal education. The scoping review is underpinned by the five-stage framework Arksey and O'Malley (2005). First, research questions are identified. Second, the last five years in ERIC database is explored by using the search term 'augmented reality.' Third, studies are investigated through inclusion and exclusion criteria, and PRISMA (2009) model is utilized for article selection. Fourth, selected articles are charted with respect to numerous dimensions and summaries. Finally, findings are reported in the light of research questions. The findings of the scoping review illustrated a set of studies that provide evidence of improved academic performance, increase in students' engagement, motivation, and satisfaction through the educational environments that are enriched with AR applications. The findings of the scoping review are discussed with respect to multiple dimensions that are explored under research questions.

Design of a Mobile Augmented Reality Platform with Game-Based Learning Purposes

“…Furthermore, the design of MAR applications targeted to formal learning environments is missing. For example, some authors argue the need to conduct more studies that include AR applications with a pedagogical approach or instructional strategy [8]. Regarding these issues, it is relevant to keep developing research in this matter.…”

The Pedagogical Potentials of Integrating Augmented Reality: Revisiting Gagné ISD Framework

“…Although more teachers may have used AR-based applications in different school settings, yet the majority of these practices simply integrate AR into the curricular activities rather than having it grounded on specific learning theory or pedagogical framework which may undermine the effectiveness of instruction and even render negative learning experiences (Laine, 2018). This inadequacy of application might be caused by the recentness of AR utilisation in educational context and lacking of teachers' training and updating their professional practices (Saltan & Arslan, 2017).…”

“…It might be assumed that the most promising technology amongst all emerging digital technologies that have the potential for leveraging the integral quality of education is augmented reality. Since the onset of its incorporation in education, AR has become a key contributor in revolutionizing the traditional pedagogical strategies in a way that led educationists to constantly investigate AR in diverse learning contexts (Bitter & Corral, 2014;Laine, 2018;Saltan & Arslan, 2017;Sampaio & Almeida, 2016;Shirazi & Behzadan, 2013;Silva, Roberto, & Teichrieb, 2015;Wu, Lee, Chang, & Liang, 2013). Most significantly, the multiple AR pedagogical components are essential in providing the structure through which educational settings can be drastically improved.…”

“…Together with using technology, this learning approach is highly functional in developing learners' higher thinking skills (Edelson et al, 1999). AR is capable to support the enquiry-based learning through providing new updated forms of enquiry as well as allowing students to get information contextually adequate to the investigated target topic (Bower et al, 2014;Rezende, Albuquerque, & Ambrosio, 2017;Saltan & Arslan, 2017). This unique potential allows educators to create multiple collaborative pedagogical methods through various practices such as jigsaw and differentiated role-play which support the inquiry-based learning activities.…”

An E-Assessment Framework for Blended Learning with Augmented Reality to Enhance the Student Learning

“…Recently it is applied in the field of education to enhance user's perception. AR is being used to enhance students' understanding in the field of science and medical (Hsiao et al, 2012;Mitchell, 2011, Saltan, & Arslan, 2017Górski, Buń, Wichniarek, Zawadzki, & Hamrol, 2017). It provides a logical and smooth connection between virtual objects and the real world, permits the client to watch and comprehend this present reality with virtual items.…”