“…However, their integration with MM, more specifically mechanistic modeling, is embryonic. In cattle production, few studies in animal welfare (Dutta et al, 2015), genome-wide predictions (González-Recio et al, 2014) and breed classification (Santoni et al, 2015), genomics’ expected progeny difference (Okut et al, 2013), anatomical biometrics for animal identification/recognition (Kumar et al, 2018), animal growth (Alonso et al, 2013; Alonso et al, 2015), and rumen functioning (Craninx et al, 2008; Dong and Zhao, 2014) have used AI technologies alone or in combination with other statistical methods. Craninx et al (2008), for instance, compared the adequacy of ML to multilinear regression techniques for predicting ruminal volatile fatty acids production, measured by milk fatty acid composition, using data from 10 studies ( n = 138 observations) of rumen cannulated dairy cows.…”