The Use of Acute Exercise Interventions as Game Day Priming Strategies to Improve Physical Performance and Athlete Readiness in Team-Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review

Post-activation performance enhancement strategies in sport: a brief review for practitioners

“…timing) of these factors could have been ignored. In this respect, and on the basis of the aforementioned and other recent reviews on this topic [12,[19][20][21], we suggest the consideration of other potential moderators of PAPE factors ( Figure 2).…”

“…how the conditioning stimuli are distributed over time) is another moderator that has received less attention and that may include both intra-session effort distribution as set configuration [17,29] and delayed potentiation effects as is commonly observed in in team sports with re-warm-up [20,30] and priming strategies [21,31]. Interestingly, although there is a body of evidence suggesting an enhancement of power performances for up to 48 hours after a CA [21], it is not clear if this delayed potentia- tion has some physiological association with classic PAP and PAPE mechanisms. Further studies should clarify these issues while looking for the more efficient approaches in each sport setting, especially with respect to the application of potentiation approaches requiring the use of less implements.…”

“…pre-warm-up) strategies performed several hours (up to 48 hours) before can improve highintensity and explosive performances [31]. one recent systematic review and meta-analysis [21] revealed that heavy resistance training and running-based sprinting exercises performed 4-6 hours before competition were the best exercises to improve neuromuscular performances in the context of team sports demanding different locomotor activities. For instance, a brief morning warm-up including some maximum short accelerations may potentiate repeated accelerations during the game in the evening.…”

Delayed potentiation effects on neuromuscular performance after optimal load and high load resistance priming sessions using velocity loss

“…Thus, it seems that higher training volumes of heavy weight resistance training, that attenuate the circadian decline in the testosterone concentration, could be another strategy to induce a delayed potentiation in performance outcomes. Additionally, some authors have attempted to associate athletes' readiness levels with changes in testosterone concentration after resistance training, however, their relationship remains unclear (Mason et al, 2020). In fact, our results suggest an increase in performance without any change in readiness levels after a priming protocol with high load, low volume and low level of effort As previously shown, there is a moderate to strong relationship between maximum bar power output in the half squat and different performance markers, such as squat jump, CMJ height and 5-60 m sprint time in track & field, bobsled, rugby and soccer athletes (Loturco et al, 2019).…”

“…Additionally, the level of effort prescribed (defined as the % of velocity loss in subsequent repetitions according to the fastest repetition) can be a determining factor due to its implication for the time-course of recovery after resistance training (Pareja-Blanco et al, 2018). While moderate and high loads increased different performance outcomes (Mason, McKune, Pumpa, & Ball, 2020) it is relevant to consider the effect of external loads against total volume and different levels of effort (González-Badillo et al, 2016). Higher training volumes with high levels of effort (González-Badillo et al, 2016) and high external loads (Linnamo, Häkkinen, & Komi, 1998;Raastad & Hallén, 2000) need more time for recovery (i.e.…”