The use of a valid and straightforward method for the identification of higenamine in dietary supplements in view of anti‐doping rule violation cases

Grucza, Krzysztof; Kowalczyk, Katarzyna; Wicka, Mariola; Szutowski, Mirosław; Bulska, Ewa; Kwiatkowska, Dorota

doi:10.1002/dta.2602

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Higenamine, or norcoclaurine, is an alkaloid acting as β 2 -agonist, whose misuse in sports is prohibited at all times [91][92][93]. Due to its natural occurrence in numerous plants such as Annona squamosa, Aconitum carmichaelii, Plumula nelumbinis, and Nelumbo nucifera, it is often found in pre-workout and fat-burner supplements.…”

Section: Other Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its natural occurrence in numerous plants such as Annona squamosa, Aconitum carmichaelii, Plumula nelumbinis, and Nelumbo nucifera, it is often found in pre-workout and fat-burner supplements. However, an unclear or missing labeling of the ingredients of such products has caused several cases of assumed inadvertent doping within the last years [91][92][93]. LC-MS analysis of different preparations neither listing higenamine or relevant plant extracts on their label yielded the alkaloid at concentrations of 0.02-14 mg/g.…”

Section: Other Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls

Walpurgis

Thomas

Geyer

et al. 2020

Foods

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A narrative review with an overall aim of indicating the current state of knowledge and the relevance concerning food and supplement contamination and/or adulteration with doping agents and the respective implications for sports drug testing is presented. The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. Cross-contaminations were also found to affect therapeutic drug preparations. While the sensitivity of assays employed to test pharmaceuticals for impurities is in accordance with good manufacturing practice guidelines allowing to exclude any physiological effects, minute trace amounts of contaminating compounds can still result in positive doping tests. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol. The athletes’ compliance with anti-doping rules is frequently tested by routine doping controls. Different measures including offers of topical information and education of the athletes as well as the maintenance of databases summarizing low- or high-risk supplements are important cornerstones in preventing unintentional anti-doping rule violations. Further, the collection of additional analytical data has been shown to allow for supporting result management processes.

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Section: Other Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls

Walpurgis

Thomas

Geyer

et al. 2020

Foods

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“…has continued to fuel discussions in the antidoping context, especially regarding the question of whether the administration of over‐the‐counter products or dietary supplements can result in AAFs and thus in (inadvertent) antidoping rule violations. Grucza et al reported on the analysis of five different nutritional supplements, four of which did not declare higenamine (or its natural source) as a potential ingredient but de facto contained between 12 and 19 mg of the prohibited substance per g of supplement . The presence of considerably larger amounts of higenamine in dietary supplements, whilst mostly declared on the label, was reported by Cohen et al, who determined up to 62 mg per serving, which further underlines the growing issue of higenamine, as the administration of such supplements is likely to cause AAFs in routine doping controls.…”

Section: β2‐agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual banned‐substance review – Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

Thevis

Kuuranne

Geyer

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Within the complex construct of today's antidoping work, continuously updated routine doping controls, as well as advancements in sampling and analysis have been of particular relevance and importance. New analytes of existing classes of prohibited substances are frequently included into sports drug testing assays, analytical approaches are optimized to allow for better sensitivities, selectivity, and/or faster turnaround times, and research dedicated to addressing analytical issues concerning scenarios of both (potentially) inadvertent doping and new emerging doping agents is constantly conducted. By way of reviewing and summarizing, this annual banned‐substance review evaluates the literature published between October 2018 and September 2019 offering an in‐depth evaluation of developments in these arenas and their potential application to substances reported in WADA's 2019 Prohibited List.

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“…Some such supplements are even unlabeled or inaccurately labeled in North America and Asia 18 . Athletes may use S. acutum stem and related products to treat inflammation and pain, but the health risks of higenamine remain unclear 19 , and little attention is paid to the banned ingredients in this herb. Trace amounts of higenamine and coclaurine can be found in human plasma and urine by extract mass spectrometry after intravenous or oral administration of manufactured herbal products 20 , 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of chemical markers for improving the quality and safety control of Sinomenium acutum stem by the simultaneous determination of multiple alkaloids using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS

Huang

Wang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Sinomenium acutum stem is a popular traditional Chinese medicine used to treat bone and joint diseases. Sinomenine is considered the only chemical marker for the quality control of S. acutum stem in mainstream pharmacopeias. However, higenamine in S. acutum stem is a novel stimulant that was banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2017. Therefore, enhancing the quality and safety control of S. acutum stem to avoid potential safety risks is of utmost importance. In this study, a fast, sensitive, precise, and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of 11 alkaloids in S. acutum stem by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) was established. This method successfully analyzed thirty-five batches of S. acutum stem samples. The average contents of sinomenine, magnoflorine, coclaurine, acutumine, higenamine, sinoacutine, palmatine, magnocurarine, columbamine, 8-oxypalmatine, and jatrorrhizine were 24.9 mg/g, 6.35 mg/g, 435 μg/g, 435 μg/g, 288 μg/g, 44.4 μg/g, 22.5 μg/g, 21.1 μg/g, 15.8 μg/g, 9.30 μg/g, and 8.75 μg/g, respectively. Multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least square method-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were performed to characterize the importance and differences among these alkaloids in S. acutum stem samples. As a result, sinomenine, magnoflorine, coclaurine, acutumine, and higenamine are proposed as chemical markers for quality control. Higenamine and coclaurine are also recommended as chemical markers for safety control. This report provides five alkaloids that can be used as chemical markers for improving the quality and safety control of S. acutum stem. It also alerts athletes to avoid the risks associated with consuming S. acutum stem.

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The use of a valid and straightforward method for the identification of higenamine in dietary supplements in view of anti‐doping rule violation cases

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls

Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls

Annual banned‐substance review – Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

Discovery of chemical markers for improving the quality and safety control of Sinomenium acutum stem by the simultaneous determination of multiple alkaloids using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS

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