The Urinary System

Diseases of the Equine Urinary System

“…1 Acute tubular degeneration and necrosis is in general the consequence of either ischemia or toxin exposure, whereas interstitial inflammation and subsequent tubular injury (interstitial nephritis) is the result of hematogenous or urogenous dissemination (pyelonephritis) of infectious agents. 1,18 Acute tubular necrosis may be severe enough to result in acute kidney failure or with time and sustained injury lead to chronic kidney disease. 3 Histologically, tubulointerstitial diseases are characterized by variable degrees of tubular degeneration, atrophy, interstitial inflammation, edema, and fibrosis.…”

“…3 Histologically, tubulointerstitial diseases are characterized by variable degrees of tubular degeneration, atrophy, interstitial inflammation, edema, and fibrosis. 1 Clinically, diseases affecting the tubulointerstitium can be identified by azotemia, a decrease in urine concentration (ie, isosthenuria), and an inability to properly process electrolytes or maintain acid-base hemostasis. 1,3 Numerous nephrotoxins originating from plants, medications, or heavy metals have been implicated as causative etiologies for tubular necrosis in equines.…”

“…1,2 This can be differentiated from tubulointerstitial disease, which frequently lacks significant proteinuria, but alterations in baseline serum creatinine and urine-concentrating abilities should be evident. 1 Lower urinary tract diseases can present with variable clinical symptoms and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Urinary bladder distention, dysuria, or pollakiuria can be the result of an obstruction from urolithiasis or neoplasia.…”

Acute oxalate intoxication associated to ingestion of eshnan (Seidlitzia rosmarinus) in sheep

“…), rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), curly dock (Rumex crispus), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), lamb ' s quarter (Chenopodium album), bassia (Bassia hyssopifolia), greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatous), pigweed (Amaranthus spp. ), Russian thistle (Salsola kalis), and sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) (Pickrell and Oehme 2004;Maxie and Newman 2007;Sargison and Angus 2007;Angus 2008).…”

“…In fact, cases of acute oxalate poisoning involve hungry and non-adapted stock grazing non-grass species such as chenopods with high concentrations of soluble oxalate (Radositits et al 2007). Species of grasses in the genus of Cenchrus, Panicum, and Setaria which are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas can also accumulate toxic amounts of oxalate (Maxie and Newman 2007). The most important plants involved in oxalate intoxication of ruminants include halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus), soursob (Oxalis spp.…”