The Urban‐Rural Disparity in Nursing Home Quality Indicators: The Case of Facility‐Acquired Contractures

Abstract

Objective. To identify and quantify the sources of the urban-rural disparity in facility-acquired contracture rates in nursing homes. Data Sources. Survey inspection data of U.S. nursing homes from 1999 to 2008 and standardized national rural definition file from the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes. Study Design. We estimated regressions of facility-level contracture rate as a function of urban-rural categories (urban, micropolitan, small rural town, and isolated small rural town) and other related facility characteristics to identify size of the urban-rural disparity. We used Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition techniques to determine the extent to which the disparity is attributable to the differences in facility and aggregate resident characteristics. Principal Findings. Rural nursing homes have higher contracture rates than urban nursing homes. About half of the urban-rural disparity is explained by differences in observable characteristics among urban and rural nursing homes. Differences in staffing levels explain less than 5 percent of the disparity, case-mix explains 6-8 percent, and structure and operational characteristics account for 10-22 percent of the disparity. Conclusion. While a lower level and quality of staffing are a concern for rural nursing homes, facility structure and funding sources explain a larger proportion of the urbanrural disparity in the quality of care. Key Words. Quality of care, disparities, rural, nursing homes, contractures, decomposition As the trends in population aging continues in the United States, the demand for all forms of long-term care is likely to increase in the coming decades. Meeting this rising demand is more challenging for rural areas because rural elderly have greater long-term care needs than their urban counterparts (Fennell and Campbell 2007) and there are well-documented differences in urban and rural long-term care providers (Phillips, Hawes, and Williams

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