The Unsustainable Use of Sand: Reporting on a Global Problem

Filho, Walter Leal; Hunt, Julian David; Lingos, Alexandros; Platje, Joost; Vieira, Lara Werncke; Will, Markus; Gavriletea, Marius Dan

doi:10.3390/su13063356

Cited by 68 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Currently, the world is undergoing a shortage of sand [47]. The sand removed from the dredging of the Araguaia River can be transported by barges during the wet period to the Tucuruí Dam and lowered with the Tucuruí lock and then transported to locations around the world that have a high demand for sand, such as Singapore.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary Basin Water and Energy Storage: A Low Environmental Impact Option for the Bananal Basin

et al. 2022

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Groundwater storage is an important water management solution that is overlooked by several countries worldwide. This paper evaluates the potential for storing water in the Bananal sedimentary basin and proposes the construction of canals to reduce sediment obstructions in the river flow and harmful flood events. This would allow for better control of the water level. The water stored in the sedimentary basin can be used as a climate change adaptation measure to ensure that the level of the flood plain is maintained high during a drought or low during an intense flood event. Additionally, the flood plain will function as a water reservoir, regulate the river flow downstream from the flood plain, and enhance hydropower generation. A significantly smaller reservoir area is expected to store water, as the water will be stored as groundwater in the sedimentary basin. Results show that the Bananal basin has the potential to store up to 49 km3 of water, which can add up to 11.7 TWh of energy storage to the Brazilian energy matrix for a CAPEX energy storage cost of 0.095 USD/kWh. This is an interesting solution for the Araguaia basin and several other basins worldwide.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary Basin Water and Energy Storage: A Low Environmental Impact Option for the Bananal Basin

et al. 2022

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“…Marius Dan Gavriletea [10] and Leal Filho [11] summarized the major environmental impacts and consequences of sand exploitation based on the analysis of existing literature associated with this issue. The very high volume of sand being currently extracted has a serious negative impact on rivers, deltas, and coastal and marine ecosystems, such as the loss of land through river or coastal erosion, the lowering of water levels, and the loss of sediment supply, thus damaging fauna and flora at significant levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Properties and Durability of Self-Leveling and Thixotropic Mortars with Recycled Sand

Candamano

Tassone²,

Iacobini

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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In recent decades, relevant environmental and economic reasons have driven an increasing interest in using a large amount of recycled aggregate in replacement of natural ones to produce mortar and concrete. The present study aims to investigate the effect of substituting 100% of natural sand with recycled aggregate on fresh properties, mechanical properties, and the durability of a thixotropic and a self-leveling mortar. Recycled aggregate was characterized using X-ray diffractometry and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Its morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and automated morphological imaging. Recycled aggregate mortars showed a moderate decline in initial workability, as well as higher shrinkage and porosity than the control ones. The compressive strength of self-leveling mortars produced with recycled aggregate was only 6% lower than mortars produced with natural sand. The gap increased to 40% in the case of thixotropic mortars. The self-leveling recycled aggregate mortar showed equivalent resistance to freeze–thaw cycles and better sulfate resistance than the control one. The thixotropic recycled aggregate mortar showed comparable sulphate resistance and only slightly lower resistance to freeze–thaw cycles than the control one. Their capacity to relief stresses, due to hydraulic pressures and the formation of expansive products, arises from their higher porosity. Thermal stability of the prepared mortars, after a curing period of 90 days, up to 700 °C, was also investigated. A significant decrease in ultrasonic pulse velocity is observed in the 200–400 °C interval for all the mortars, due to the dehydration–dehydroxylation of calcium silicate hydrate. The overall decline in the strength of both the recycled aggregate mortars was comparable to the control ones. The results reported in the present investigation suggest that the selection of high-quality recycled aggregate helps to obtain good-quality mortars when a large amount of natural sand is replaced.

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“…As a short-term non-renewable construction aggregate, natural sand has been nearly exhausted after decades of high-intensity mining. Meanwhile, governments around the world have issued a series of restrictions on mining natural sand for flood control, shipping safety, and environmental protection considerations, resulting in even more scarce natural sand resources available for exploitation [1][2][3]. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the use of manufactured sand as a substitute vigorously [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airflow Velocity Designing for Air Classifier of Manufactured Sand Based on CPFD Method

Peng

Jiang

et al. 2022

Minerals

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Airflow classification is the key technology for the dry separation of manufactured sand. To solve the problem of low separation accuracy and poor gradation grade, the classification process of manufactured sand under different inlet and outlet airflow velocities changes in the multi-air inlet classifier is simulated by using Barracuda based on Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics (CPFD) method. The influence of various airflow velocity in air inlets and outlet on the sand classification is analyzed. The optimal combination of airflow velocity that meets the design goals is obtained. The results show that the airflow velocity and location of the air inlet and outlet have a significant impact on medium-grained (0.15~1.18 mm) and fine-grained (0.075~0.3 mm) sand. Adjusting the airflow velocity at air inlet 2 and air outlet can most effectively change the overall sand separation effect, while 41 m/s (inlet 2) and 6 m/s (outlet) would be the best velocity combination.

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The Unsustainable Use of Sand: Reporting on a Global Problem

Cited by 68 publications

References 57 publications

Sedimentary Basin Water and Energy Storage: A Low Environmental Impact Option for the Bananal Basin

Sedimentary Basin Water and Energy Storage: A Low Environmental Impact Option for the Bananal Basin

The Properties and Durability of Self-Leveling and Thixotropic Mortars with Recycled Sand

Airflow Velocity Designing for Air Classifier of Manufactured Sand Based on CPFD Method

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