The United States Naturalized Flora: Largely the Product of Deliberate Introductions

Mack, Richard N.; Erneberg, Marianne

doi:10.2307/3298562

Cited by 202 publications

(167 citation statements)

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“…In South Africa, pathway of introduction information was not available for a large proportion of alien plants (71%) and invertebrates (42%). In comparison, these data were not available for ~30% of plants in the USA (Mack and Erneberg 2002;Lehan et al 2013) and for between 2 and 8% of invertebrates in Europe . The availability of pathway of introduction data may depend on how well-known the alien taxa are.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These differences could be because South Africa is a developing nation with a relatively short introduction history. For instance, Europe"s long history of agriculture would have provided many chances for the deliberate and accidental introduction of plants (Mack and Erneberg 2002). Despite the large role that releases play in invertebrate introductions in South Africa, this pathway plays a relatively small role globally and in Europe (Kenis et al 2007;Hulme et al 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All assessments of the pathways of introduction are limited by the quality and scope of the available data (Mack and Erneberg 2002;Lambdon et al 2008). In South Africa, pathway of introduction information was not available for a large proportion of alien plants (71%) and invertebrates (42%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding and managing the introduction pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study

et al. 2015

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For the effective prevention of biological invasions, the pathways responsible for introductions must be understood and managed. However introduction pathways, particularly for developing nations, However the number of new plant and vertebrate escapes has increased over time. Invertebrates have been deliberately released or unintentionally introduced as contaminants or stowaways. For invertebrates the number of release, contaminant and stowaway introductions has increased, and most contaminants and stowaways have become invasive. As effective screening procedures are in place for invertebrates released for biological control, the major threats for South Africa are from vertebrate and plant escapes and invertebrate contaminants and stowaways. We recommend improvements to risk assessment and education to prevent escapes, and prioritised inspection strategies to reduce stowaway and contaminant introductions. Finally, as introduction pathways and introduced taxa change temporally, biosecurity decisions need to be informed by information on current and future pathways.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding and managing the introduction pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study

et al. 2015

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“…However, a study by Mack & Erneberg (2002) on the naturalized flora of the USA also indicates that it is largely the product of deliberate introduction. Our study shows that 92% of the naturalized species of Iridaceae native to southern Africa are listed in international horticultural databases.…”

Section: Discussion Horticultural Usage and Naturalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting naturalization of southern African Iridaceae in other regions

Kleunen

Johnson

Fischer

2007

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary 1.One of the major challenges in invasion biology is to predict the likelihood of naturalization, and ultimately invasiveness, of species from properties that can be assessed in the native range prior to a species' introduction elsewhere. This is particularly relevant as intentional introduction for horticultural usage has been predicted to be the over-riding factor associated with naturalization. 2. We compiled a data set on 1036 species of Iridaceae native to southern Africa to test whether traits differ between horticulturally used and unused species, whether the likelihood of naturalization elsewhere is higher for horticulturally used species, and whether it differs according to species' taxonomic affinities, geographical range size, altitudinal range, number of subtaxa and plant size. 3. Our results show that at least 306 southern African Iridaceae species are used in horticulture elsewhere. Of the 67 that have become naturalized elsewhere, no less than 62 are in horticulture, indicating horticultural trade as the main source of naturalized Iridaceae. 4. Global horticultural usage differs among the three subfamilies and among the genera. In addition, horticultural usage is more likely for species with a larger distributional range, a lower maximum altitude, more subtaxa and a taller height. This indicates that species introduced elsewhere for horticultural usage have a biased set of biogeographical and biological characteristics that should be corrected for in analyses of naturalization. 5. After correction for horticultural usage, naturalization differs between genera, and is more likely for species with lower maximum altitude, species with higher numbers of subtaxa and taller species. 6. Cross-validation of our predictive logistic regression model revealed a low kappa (0·279 ± 0·069, mean ± SE) that was significantly different from zero. This indicates that the estimates from our logistic regression model can be used to predict naturalization of Iridaceae but that the accuracy is relatively low. 7. Synthesis and applications . Our study shows that screening protocols for potential invasiveness of species of Iridaceae should include international horticultural usage, and taxonomic, biogeographical and biological characteristics in the native range, as predictors. Moreover, for the development of more accurate predictive models, experimental assessment of other plant characteristics associated with naturalization is still required.

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“…For instance, two-thirds of introduced plant species in Australia have escaped from botanical and private gardens, with the proportion expected to increase over time (Groves et al 2005). In the continental United States, more than half the naturalized exotic plants were brought in for gardening (Randall and Marinelli 1996;Mack and Erneberg 2002). Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom), a highway plant, still grows in the western region of the United States, and was originally introduced as an ornamental plant and then promoted by the US Soil Conservation Service for erosion control (Oneto et al 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

Intentionally introduced species: more easily invited than removed

Song

Huang

et al. 2014

Biodivers Conserv

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Alien species are brought into countries world wide on a massive scale for agricultural production, ex situ conservation, landscape aesthetics, gardens, and ecosystem restoration. Unfortunately, some of these species have escaped and adversely impacted on regional as well as global biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. To reduce such risks, it is necessary to implement specific and effective measures. Since various government departments and institutions are involved in the management of alien species, it is difficult to prevent native and agroecosystems from being invaded by invited species. We propose the establishment of a supervision and inspection continuum over intentional species introduction, similar to that which exists in some countries over unintentional species introductions. Namely, a justification of the necessity to import, a risk assessment, assurances as to provision of an adequate containment facility assessment, and a damagelimitation protocol should that need to be invoked. These requirements should be satisfied before an alien species is knowingly imported, and the necessary follow-up supervision is important post-importation.

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The United States Naturalized Flora: Largely the Product of Deliberate Introductions

Cited by 202 publications

References 1 publication

Understanding and managing the introduction pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study

Understanding and managing the introduction pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study

Predicting naturalization of southern African Iridaceae in other regions

Intentionally introduced species: more easily invited than removed

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