The United States Air Force's Process for Alternative Fuels Certification

Rodríguez, Beatriz Álvarez; Bartsch, Thomas

doi:10.2514/6.2008-6412

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The fuels used (petroleum-F76, FT-F76, petroleum-JP5, camelina-JP5) were obtained from Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) as cited in ref . Fuel blends, 50/50 by volume, were also tested since alternative fuels are typically blended with petroleum-derived fuels to ensure ideal performance properties . In addition, a mixture of n -alkanes (C 6 –C 12 ), whenever required, was introduced as previously described …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fuel blends, 50/50 by volume, were also tested since alternative fuels are typically blended with petroleumderived fuels to ensure ideal performance properties. 22 In addition, a mixture of n-alkanes (C 6 −C 12 ), whenever required, was introduced as previously described. 10 Experimental Design.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the US Navy is now considering alternative biofuels, , mainly including hydroprocessed camelina-JP5 and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) diesel fuel FT-F76 from renewable sources . Typically, these renewable fuels are used experimentally as 50/50 blends with petroleum fuel in tactical vehicles. , Previous studies have shown that the molecular-weight range of hydrocarbons in naval biofuels is narrower than that in traditional petroleum fuels. , Moreover, FT fuels contain more branched alkanes and fewer aromatic compounds compared to petroleum fuels . Recent studies have shown that FAME biodiesel and hydroprocessed biofuels (camelina-JP5 and algae-F76) are amenable to biodegradation under transient oxygen conditions and can accelerate carbon steel corrosion. ,, The black corrosion products deposited on coupons were mostly mineral sulfides, suggesting that the majority of metal damage occurred when anaerobic conditions prevailed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Typically, these renewable fuels are used experimentally as 50/50 blends with petroleum fuel in tactical vehicles. 6,22 Previous studies have shown that the molecularweight range of hydrocarbons in naval biofuels is narrower than that in traditional petroleum fuels. 23,24 Moreover, FT fuels contain more branched alkanes and fewer aromatic compounds compared to petroleum fuels.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic Biodegradation of Alternative Fuels and Associated Biocorrosion of Carbon Steel in Marine Environments

Liang

Aktas

Aydın

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Fuels that biodegrade too easily can exacerbate through-wall pitting corrosion of pipelines and tanks and result in unintentional environmental releases. We tested the biological stability of two emerging naval biofuels (camelina-JP5 and Fischer-Tropsch-F76) and their potential to exacerbate carbon steel corrosion in seawater incubations with and without a hydrocarbon-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium. The inclusion of sediment or the positive control bacterium in the incubations stimulated a similar pattern of sulfate reduction with different inocula. However, the highest rates of sulfate reduction were found in incubations amended with camelina-JP5 [(57.2 ± 2.2)-(80.8 ± 8.1) μM/day] or its blend with petroleum-JP5 (76.7 ± 2.4 μM/day). The detection of a suite of metabolites only in the fuel-amended incubations confirmed that alkylated benzene hydrocarbons were metabolized via known anaerobic mechanisms. Most importantly, general (r(2) = 0.73) and pitting (r(2) = 0.69) corrosion were positively correlated with sulfate loss in the incubations. Thus, the anaerobic biodegradation of labile fuel components coupled with sulfate respiration greatly contributed to the biocorrosion of carbon steel. While all fuels were susceptible to anaerobic metabolism, special attention should be given to camelina-JP5 biofuel due to its relatively rapid biodegradation. We recommend that this biofuel be used with caution and that whenever possible extended storage periods should be avoided.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic Biodegradation of Alternative Fuels and Associated Biocorrosion of Carbon Steel in Marine Environments

Liang

Aktas

Aydın

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Typically, renewable biofuels are used as blends with petroleum-based fuels to ensure ideal compatibility and performance characteristics. , For instance, the high viscosity of neat TDF precludes it from being used as a standalone high-density fuel . To address this key drawback, a recent study demonstrated that blending terpene dimer fuels with conventional jet fuel (JP-8) could significantly reduce the low-temperature viscosity and maintain other required properties .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Biological Stability of a Terpene-Based Advanced Biofuel and Its Relationship to the Corrosion of Carbon Steel

et al. 2015

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Energy-dense terpene biofuels have recently been recognized as renewable alternatives for high-density petroleum-derived fuels. While the physicochemical properties of terpene dimer fuel (TDF) have been well-documented, the propensity of these mixtures to undergo biodegradation and exacerbate the corrosion of the fuel infrastructure remains unknown. Coastal seawater/sediment incubations were amended with TDF or a blend of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons and incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. In some incubations, a model hydrocarbon-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium (Desulfoglaeba alkanexedens, strain ALDC) was inoculated as a positive control. No increase in sulfate reduction or corrosion was observed in long-term experiments (300 days) relative to TDF-free controls when only seawater/sediment served as the inoculum. However, inoculation with the positive control organism and a mixture of C 6 −C 12 n-alkanes increased both the sulfate reduction rate (95.2 ± 5.2 μM/day) and general corrosion, as determined by both coupon weight loss (27.9 ± 1.6 mg) and the number of pits (495 ± 62). The ratio of manganese (Mn)/weight loss (0.34) in incubations exhibiting coupon pitting was lower than those (0.53−0.68) showing only generalized coupon corrosion. Despite no indication for TDF biodegradation under all test conditions, the detection of a suite of alkylsuccinate metabolites attested to the anaerobic metabolism of the suite of n-alkanes when strain ALDC and the hydrocarbons served as amendments. These findings suggest that TDF is resistant to biodegradation and will not exacerbate the corrosion of carbon steel. If used in combination with petroleum hydrocarbons, the degree of metal corrosion would be that expected as a result of labile fuel components. However, the relatively recalcitrant nature of TDF might pose other risks if released to the environment and, thus, warrants further study.

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Protocol for Evaluating the Biological Stability of Fuel Formulations and Their Relationship to Carbon Steel Biocorrosion

Liang

Suflita

2015

Springer Protocols Handbooks

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The United States Air Force's Process for Alternative Fuels Certification

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Anaerobic Biodegradation of Alternative Fuels and Associated Biocorrosion of Carbon Steel in Marine Environments

Anaerobic Biodegradation of Alternative Fuels and Associated Biocorrosion of Carbon Steel in Marine Environments

Assessing the Biological Stability of a Terpene-Based Advanced Biofuel and Its Relationship to the Corrosion of Carbon Steel

Protocol for Evaluating the Biological Stability of Fuel Formulations and Their Relationship to Carbon Steel Biocorrosion

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