The Unbrotherly Brotherhood: Discrimination in Fraternal Orders

Schmidt, Alvin J.; Babchuk, Nicholas

doi:10.2307/274186

Cited by 7 publications

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“…Country clubs and various social groups, such as fraternities and sororities, or the Elks or Masons or Odd Fellows, have excluded blacks and other minorities from their membership prior to the civil rights movement. 30 These are all private organizations that nevertheless offer public benefits and opportunities for their members, which is why they have all been legally compelled to give up their discriminatory behavior. By way of contrast, religious organizations have been given special political protections in this regard, though the limits of those protections continue to be the focus of some political disagreements.…”

Section: Public Reason Integrity and Religious Commitmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioethics, Public Reason, and Religion

Fleck

2022

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Can religious arguments provide a reasonable, justified basis for restrictive (coercive) public policies regarding numerous ethically and politically controversial medical interventions, such as research with human embryos, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, or using artificial wombs? With Rawls, we answer negatively. Liberally reasonable policies must address these controversial technologies on the basis of public reasons accessible to all, even if not fully agreeable by all. Further, public democratic deliberation requires participants to construct these policies as citizens who are agnostic with respect to the truth of all comprehensive doctrines, whether secular or religious. The goal of these deliberations is practical, namely, to identify reasonable policy options that reflect fair terms of cooperation in a liberal, pluralistic society. Further, religious advocates may participate in formal policymaking processes as reasonable liberal citizens. Finally, public reason evolves through the deliberative process and all the novel technological challenges medicine generates for bioethics and related public policies.

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Section: Public Reason Integrity and Religious Commitmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioethics, Public Reason, and Religion

Fleck

2022

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“…Girls or even the Elks, such as the Freemasons, Shriners, Eastern Star, and others bar all non-whites from joining their &dquo;brotherhood&dquo;(Schmidt & Babchuk, 1973). racistic practices of American Freemasonry ---the United States oldest fraternal order ---go back at least to 1775, when the membership application of Prince Hall (a black soldier) was rejected by American Freemasonry.…”

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confidence: 98%

Voluntary Associations, Social Change and Racial Discrimination: an Analysis of Means and Ends

Babchuk

Schmidt

1976

Journal of Voluntary Action Research

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Revitalizing the American Republic by reinvigorating voluntary association

Wright

2024

Discov glob soc

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In Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville famously described the depth and breadth of voluntary association in the antebellum United States. Recent empirical research shows that de Tocqueville did not exaggerate. Between the founding of the republic in 1788 and the start of their Civil War in 1861, Americans voluntarily chartered over 23,000 business and over 15,000 nonprofit corporations across a wide swathe of activity. Contrary to the “state capacity” view, which holds that the weak state of early American governments rather ironically forced Americans to voluntarily associate to address social ills, the reverse is closer to the truth. In other words, Americans voluntarily associated to keep regulations relatively few and taxes relatively low. Americans today could revitalize their deeply divided republic by reinvigorating voluntarism, the non-mandated unilateral transfer of resources, making it once again the main mechanism for mitigating socioeconomic problems.

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The Unbrotherly Brotherhood: Discrimination in Fraternal Orders

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Bioethics, Public Reason, and Religion

Bioethics, Public Reason, and Religion

Voluntary Associations, Social Change and Racial Discrimination: an Analysis of Means and Ends

Revitalizing the American Republic by reinvigorating voluntary association

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