The two‐ to three‐second time window of shot durations in movies

Shuai, Chen; Cai, Mengtong; Bao, Yan

doi:10.1002/pchj.384

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A behavioral pilot experiment was conducted in search of an optimal length of ISI as well as reaffirming the temporal reproduction accuracy of the 3-s sample interval. The uniqueness of the 2-3-s interval presumably represents a borderline of the logistic capacity of timing as it is observed in many cognitive processes (Bao et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2020;Pöppel, 1997;Pöppel, 2009;Wang et al, 2016;Yu & Bao, 2020;Zhao et al, 2018). Since our focus is on the highlevel semantic aspect of the timing function, it is reasonable to keep the temporal framework of neural processing in its optimal range to minimize the noise of low-level processing.…”

Section: Behavior Verification Of Durationreproduction Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel processes of temporal control in the supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal circuit

Wang,

Shi,

Bao

2023

PsyCh Journal

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Durations in the several seconds' range are cognitively accessible during active timing. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest the engagement of the basal ganglia (BG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). However, their functional relevance and arrangement remain unclear because non‐timing cognitive processes temporally coincide with the active timing. To examine the potential contamination by parallel processes, we introduced a sensory control and a motor control to the duration‐reproduction task. By comparing their hemodynamic functions, we decomposed the neural activities in multiple brain loci linked to different cognitive processes. Our results show a dissociation of two cortical neural circuits: the SMA for both active timing and motor preparation, followed by a prefrontal–parietal circuit related to duration working memory. We argue that these cortical processes represent duration as the content but at different levels of abstraction, while the subcortical structures, including the BG and thalamus, provide the logistic basis of timing by coordinating the temporal framework across brain structures.

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Section: Behavior Verification Of Durationreproduction Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel processes of temporal control in the supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal circuit

Wang,

Shi,

Bao

2023

PsyCh Journal

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Section: Three Modes Of Knowing and Limits Of Artificial Intelligencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…And there are additional limitations if one wants to relate AI to human cognition: What is missing, for instance, in algorithms of AI and MI is the distinction between content functions and logistic functions, as has been suggested in a taxonomy of functions (Pöppel, 1989; Pöppel & Ruhnau, 2011). Temporal processing of neural information has to be considered as a logistic function as it is reflected in the time window of approximately 3 s (e.g., Bao et al, 2015; S. Chen et al, 2020; Pöppel & Bao, 2014; Wang, Bao, et al, 2016; Yu & Bao, 2020; Zhao et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2014), or the “magic seconds of three.” The logistics of the brain can also be seen for a shorter time window in the domain of some tens of milliseconds as it is observed in multimodal reaction time distributions or the temporal order threshold in different sensory modalities (Bao, Szymaszek, et al, 2013; Bao, Yang, Lin, & Pöppel, 2016; Pöppel, 1970). Attentional control also has to be treated conceptually as a logistic function providing the fundamental neural mechanisms to create content.…”

Section: Three Modes Of Knowing and Limits Of Artificial Intelligencementioning

confidence: 99%

An Aesthetic Frame for Three Modes of Knowing

et al. 2022

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This is the claim: Human knowledge expresses itself in three different modes: explicit, implicit, and sensory (e.g., visual) knowledge. The reference to knowledge as explicit knowledge only (as it is usually done) neglects the other modes of knowledge. Instead of using the noun “knowledge,” it is suggested that we use “knowing” as a term to stress the active mode in cognition. The three modes of knowing are reflected in different mechanisms of cognitive and neural processing; these can already be observed in classical documents of humankind. This unity of the different modes of knowing can also be extracted from cultural artifacts such as poetry. Although possessing different characteristics, the three modes of knowing are related to each other in a complementary way, thus providing an integrative network for cognition. We suggest that a unifying frame of the modes of knowing lies in aesthetic principles. These different modes of knowing with their unifying frame reflect some general features of cognition. We stress that basic concepts in “artificial or machine intelligence” do not match at all human modes of knowing.

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“…Using behavioral paradigms, imaging technologies, or ethological approaches, empirical studies have been focused on: visual artworks with their spatial characteristics (e.g., Bao et al, 2017b; Lutz et al, 2013; Yang et al, 2019); music with its emotional impact (e.g., Park et al, 2015) or its access to personal identity (Zaytseva et al, 2014); and poetry with its link to language processing in general and its temporal regularity, which is important for aesthetic appreciations (e.g., Yu & Bao, 2020; Zhao et al, 2018). Interestingly, the temporal characteristics apply also to movies (Chen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetric in the striate but asymmetric in the extrastriate cortex when processing three‐quarter faces: Neural underpinnings for aesthetic appreciations

et al. 2022

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Faces and their aesthetic appreciation are a core element of social interaction. Although studies have been made on facial processing when looking at faces with different perspectives, a direct comparison of faces in the left to the right perspective is missing. Portraits in classical Western art indicate a preference of the left compared to the right perspective, but the neural underpinnings of such an asymmetry still have to be clarified. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the current study focuses on the processing of three-quarter faces seen with different perspectives. Seventeen participants were asked to passively look at photographs of six male and six female faces with a neutral expression; the photographs were taken from the left, right, and frontal perspectives while keeping their focus on the eyes. The results showed that specific brain areas were involved in processing the three-quarter faces in either symmetric or asymmetric ways. Viewing left and right three-quarter faces resulted in two mirror-like activations in the striate cortex corresponding to the symmetric layout of the left and right perspectives. Viewing the left face resulted additionally in an enhanced activation also in the left extrastriate cortex. The right perspective of male faces elicited a lower activation compared to other perspectives in face-selective areas of the brain. Our findings suggest that the preference of the left three-quarter face emerges already in the early visual pathway presumably prior to facial identification, emotional processing, and aesthetic appreciation. Our observations may have general importance in disentangling different neural components and processing stages in the spatiotemporal characteristics of artistic expressions.

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The two‐ to three‐second time window of shot durations in movies

Abstract: Movie shots of singular scenes have a preferential duration of 2 to 3 s regardless of producers, movie types, and cultural environments. This observation suggests that the temporal structure of movies matches a neural mechanism of information processing in the time domain.

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Parallel processes of temporal control in the supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal circuit

Parallel processes of temporal control in the supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal circuit

An Aesthetic Frame for Three Modes of Knowing

Symmetric in the striate but asymmetric in the extrastriate cortex when processing three‐quarter faces: Neural underpinnings for aesthetic appreciations

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