The transfer of active ingredients of insecticides and fungicides from an orchard to beehives

Abstract

This investigation was undertaken to determine whether active ingredients (AIs) of currently recommended plant protection products (PPPs) could be transferred to beehives from apple and pear trees. A field trial was carried out with apple trees of Ligol and Idared variety, and pear trees of Conference variety. For pest and diseases control of fungal origin, recommended PPPs were applied. Samples of flowers from the above-mentioned varieties of fruit trees, of bees, brood and honey from beehives located in their direct neighborhood were collected regularly and analyzed for the presence of lambda-cyhalothrin (an insecticide) and cyprodinil, captan, fluopyram, kresoxim-methyl, penthiopyrad and trifloxystrobin (fungicides). In samples of flowers of Ligol variety, fluopyram residues (on average 0.621 µg single flower) were at the highest levels, whereas in samples of pear flowers of Conference variety, and in flowers of Idared variety, captan residues (on average, respectively, 0.705 and 165.7 µg single flower). In samples of bees and honey, residues of five AIs were detected, and in brood six AIs, whereby in each case captan residues prevailed, respectively, up to 585.2, 51.52 and 126.5 µg kg bees and honey. In the honey, significantly larger residues of captan were found out than maximum residue level (MRL) for this AI - 103.04% MRL. In the case of any AI, the daily intake did not exceed 0.002% acceptable daily intake (ADI).

Simultaneous determination of penthiopyrad enantiomers and its metabolite in vegetables, fruits, and cereals using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…It is effective in controlling many pathogens, such as gray mold, scab, brown rot, powdery mildew, rust, and sclerotinia [13][14][15]. Penthiopyrad has one chiral center and exists as a pair of enantiomers [14], while most analysis and researches on penthiopyrad focused on the analysis of racemates [16][17][18]. Liu et al studied the stereoselective degradation of penthiopyrad in four types of Chinese soil under different conditions [14].…”

Transfer of the Active Ingredients of Some Plant Protection Products from Raspberry Plants to Beehives

“…Their yields depend largely on the efficiency of their pollination by insects (Chauzat et al 2009 ). Worker bees, when foraging on entomophilous plants, may simultaneously collect various contaminants and transfer them to the hive (Anderson and Wojtas 1986 ; Chauzat et al 2009 ; Cresswell and Thompson 2012 ; Oruc et al 2012 ; Piechowicz et al 2018a , b ). Some pesticides used to protect raspberry plantations from pests and diseases show a possibility of accumulation in the bee bodies.…”

“…Pohorecka et al ( 2017 ) suggest that the phenomenon of winter colony collapse could be caused by honeybee parasites. Studies of Piechowicz et al ( 2018a , b ) on the transfer of plant protection products from oilseed rape crops and orchards to beehives showed a presence of pesticides both in bee bodies (5/7 detected compounds at rape plantation 1; 3/5 at rape plantation 2; and 5/6 AIs in orchards) and in honeybee brood (4 and 2 AIs in hives located near rape crops and 6 AIs in bees in the orchard), and in honey (3 and 3 AIs in rape honey and 4 AIs in apple-pear honey). In the studied cases, when the worker bees were directly exposed to pesticides originating from the crops, no deterioration in honeybee colony well-being was observed.…”

“…A. mellifera is the main pollinator that generates 86.8% of the gains generated by all the pollinators. The use of plant protection products (PPPs) on nectar-secreting plants goes hand in hand with the problem of exposing pollinators to such substances (Piechowicz et al 2018a , b ).…”

Honey bee exposure scenarios to selected residues through contaminated beeswax

“…From their environment, honey bees themselves are likely to bring pesticide residues, in particular of plant protection products used in agriculture, back to hives through pollen, nectar, water, honeydew and/or propolis they collect (e.g. Böhme et al, 2018;Calatayud-Vernich et al, 2018;Daniele et al, 2018;Mullin et al, 2010;Piechowicz et al, 2018;Simon-Delso et al, 2014;Tong et al, 2018;Traynor et al, 2016). Within the hive, both types of residues can end up in beeswax of the existing combs (e.g.…”