The Trail Making Test: A Review of Research in Children

Abstract

The Trail Making Test (TMl) is widely used in neuropsychological practice as part of a battery for detecting neuropsychological dysfunction. A comprehensive review published by Horton in 1979, focused on adult performance. A critical evaluation of research investigating the use of this test in children is presented here. No clear set of instructions for test use is available for children and, while some aspects of neuropsychological function are similar for adults and children, other factors set these groups apart. Norms are not readily available for children and the relationship of test performance to age, education level and IQ in adults suggests that these are critical variables, particularly in South Africa.Die 'Trail Making Test' (TMl) word algemeen gebruik in neuropsigologiese praktyk om neuropsigologiese disfunksie vas te stel. In 1979 het Horton 'n grondige oorsig gepubliseer, gebaseer op die prestasie van volwassenes. In hierdie artikel word 'n kritiese evaluering gegee van navorsing op kinders met hierdie toets. 'n Duidelike stel instruksies is nie beskikbaar vir gebruik met kinders nie. Alhoewel sekere aspekte van neuropsigologiese funksionering van volwassenes en kinders ooreenstem, is daar tog ander faktore waarop hul/e verskil. Norms vir kinders is nie geredelik beskikbaar nie, en die verhouding van toetsprestasie met ouderdom, opvoedkundige peil en IK in volwassenes suggereer dat hierdie, veral in Suid-Afrika, kritiese veranderlikes is.

Children's Color Trails Test 1 & 2: Test–Retest Reliability and Factorial Validity

“…Unlike existing, traditional trail-making tests that have been shown to be affected by learning disabilities (Rourke & Finlayson, 1975), language, and to a lesser extent, culture (Leon-Carreon, 1989;Mok, Tsang, Lee, & Llorente, 2008;Rosin & Levett, 1989a, 1989b as a result of their dependence on letters of the alphabet for a categorical shift, the CCTT replaces the use of letters with colors as categorical shift, as noted above (Llorente et al, 2003). Such alteration, in addition to other changes including the addition of non-verbal instructions, has been shown to reduce the weaknesses found in traditional trail-making tests in some instances (Lee, Cheung, Chan, & Chan, 2000;Llorente et al, 2003;Maj et al, 1993Maj et al, , 1994.…”

H Ταχύτητα Και Η Ευελιξία Της Οπτικής Προσοχής Σε Μαθητές Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης Με Μαθησιακές Δυσκολίες

“…(Mitrushina, Boone, & D'Elia, 1999; Lima et al, 2010). Επίσης αυτή η αδυναμία μπορεί να συνδέεται με δυσλειτουργία των μετωπιαίων λοβών που είναι υπεύθυνοι για τις επιτελικές λειτουργίες -προσοχή (Zaksanis 2005 et al; Lee et al, 2014; Varjacic et al, 2018).Η δοκιμασία έχει αξιοποιηθεί στην αξιολόγηση των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών στο εξωτερικό αλλά όχι στην Ελλάδα(Davis et al, 1989;McGee et al, 1989;Rosin & Levett 1989; Narhi et al, 1997., Lima et al, 2010. Ωστόσο στην Ελλάδα έχουν γίνει κλινικές έρευνες με την Ελληνική έκδοση της δοκιμασίας σε πληθυσμούς ενηλίκων( Vlahou & Kosmidis 2002;Zalonis et al, 2008).…”