The Toxicological Testing and Thermal
Decomposition of Drive and Transport Belts Made
of Thermoplastic Multilayer Polymer Materials

Krawiec, Piotr; Warguła, Łukasz; Małozięć, Daniel; Kaczmarzyk, Piotr; Dziechciarz, Anna; Czarnecka‐Komorowska, Dorota

doi:10.3390/polym12102232

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(68 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This dependence was developed on the basis of the experimental tests of V-belts and flat belts. The results show that flat drive belts have less toxic properties under fire conditions than V-belts, mainly due to the kinds of materials, such as PA or NBR, with which the flat belts were made 10 , 32 . In paper 32 , the influence of various polymers, e.g., polyamide and polyurethane, on toxicity emissions was described.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results show that flat drive belts have less toxic properties under fire conditions than V-belts, mainly due to the kinds of materials, such as PA or NBR, with which the flat belts were made 10 , 32 . In paper 32 , the influence of various polymers, e.g., polyamide and polyurethane, on toxicity emissions was described. In the flat belt case, the dominant compounds released during combustion are CO and CO 2 (all burned belts), as well as HCN, SO 2 and HBr.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spectroscopic data were treated using the dedicated software Spectra Manager (ver. 2, JASCO, Easton, MD, US) 32 . The surface morphology of the flat belts was investigated by optical light microscopy (SK Opta-Tech) with an HDMI 6 OPTA-TECH RT 16 Mpx camera (OPTA-TECH, Warsaw, Poland) at 30 × magnification 32 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Chemical compounds released by combustion of polymer composites flat belts

Krawiec

Warguła

Czarnecka‐Komorowska

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Machines and devices for the production, transport and segregation of products are placed in production and storage rooms. Flat conveyor and drive belts are very often used for their construction. Due to heavy loads and difficult operating conditions, these belts can catch fire and, as a result, become the main source of air contaminants harmful to human health and life. This article examines the emission level of toxic chemical compounds most often produced during the thermal decomposition and combustion of flat drive and conveyor belts. Six types of flat belts, which were made of various polymer materials, i.e., polyamide, rubber, and polyurethane, and were pyrolyzed in a tube furnace at 950 °C, were tested for emission. Using an Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy gas analyser, five gaseous products of combustion were identified, i.e., carbon mono oxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen bromide and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Chemical analysis showed that SO2 compounds and hydrogen bromide were present in only two samples. The test results indicate that gas emission concentration limits for all the tested belts were significantly exceeded. A comparative analysis of the concentration limits of V-belts described in the authors' earlier works shows that flat belts demonstrate lower emission levels of harmful compounds than V-belts. In addition, research has shown that compared to traditional rubber-based belts, belts made of modern materials exhibit no emission of hydrogen chloride compounds during thermal decomposition and combustion.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Chemical compounds released by combustion of polymer composites flat belts

Krawiec

Warguła

Czarnecka‐Komorowska

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The belts used in tension transmissions are most often made of polymeric materials or their composites [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. As a rule, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and natural rubber (NR) are used for drive belts, as well as classic thermoplastics, i.e., polyamide (PA), polyvinylidene dichloride (PVDC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyoxymethylene (POM) [ 2 , 4 ]. However, when higher strength, thermal and chemical resistance and higher flammability are required from the belts, then polymer composites filled with glass fibers (Nylon 6.6 with glass fiber), carbon fiber (carbon fiber) or poly(lactic acid) PLA-carbon are used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometric Specification of Non-Circular Pulleys Made with Various Additive Manufacturing Techniques

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The paper presents the procedure of generating geometrical features on the contours of non-circular pulleys through the selection of materials and technological parameters for easy and efficient production of these parts. Based on the models designed in the computer aided design (CAD) system, several prototype non-standard pulleys were made, which were assessed for functional characteristics and correct operation of non-linear gears. The effect of additive technology on the geometric specification of non-circular pulleys was also assessed. The results showed that thanks to the use of additive methods, the need for costly manufacturing of such wheels with subtractive methods was eliminated. Additionally, it is not necessary to design specialized cutting tools or to use conventional or numerically controlled machine tools to manufacture these wheels. The test results showed that in case of selective laser sintering (SLS) the highest accuracy of mapping (0.01 mm) of geometrical features of the surface was obtained. This result is confirmed by the assessment of the morphology of the surface of the teeth of gears made with this technique, characterized by a uniform structure of the working surface of the wheel while maintaining a high tolerance of the outer profile of gear for selective laser sintering at the level of ±0.03 mm. Research has shown that most of the additive methods used to manufacture non-circular pulleys meet the required geometrical features and due to the short production time of these pulleys, these methods also facilitate quick verification of the designed pulley geometry.

show abstract

“…Franco-Urquiza et al [ 34 ] performed the thermogravimetric analysis at 5, 10 and 20 °C/min allowed determining the degradation kinetic parameters based on the Friedman and Kissinger models for neat polyester and nanocomposites, which showed that heating rates promoted an increase in the temperature degradation. Krawiec et al [ 35 ] used a testing methodology to determine the toxicometric indicators on belts made of classically used fabric–rubber composite material, and evaluated the degradation kinetics of the polymeric belts by (TGA). Zhang et al [ 36 ] investigated the effect of basalt fiber content in HDPE matrix composites on the thermal decomposition process using dynamic thermogravimetric analysis and utilized improved Coats–Redfern (C-R), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (F-W-O), Friedman and Kissinger methods to ascertain the specific apparent activation energy (E a ) of each component and composite material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism Identification and Kinetics Analysis of Thermal Degradation for Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For carbon fiber epoxy resin used in aerostructure, thermal degradation mechanism and kinetics play an important role in the evaluation of thermal response and combustion characteristics. However, the thermal decomposition process and mechanism are difficult to unify strictly due to the complexity of the components from different suppliers. In the present study, a product of carbon fiber epoxy resin made by AVIC(Aviation Industry Corporation of China) composite corporation is examined to identify its thermal degradation mechanism and pyrolysis products by measurements, including simultaneous thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, establish the kinetic model by Kissinger/Friedman/Ozawa/Coats-Redfern methods. The results show thermal degradation occurs in three steps under the inert atmosphere, but in four steps under air atmosphere, respectively. The first two steps in both environments are almost the same, including drying, carbon dioxide escape and decomposition of the epoxy resin. In the third step of inert atmosphere, phenol is formed, methane decreases, carbon monoxide basically disappears and carbon dioxide production increases. However, in air, thermal oxidation of the carbonaceous residues and intermolecular carbonization are observed. Furthermore, thermal degradation reaction mechanism submits to the F4 model. These results provide fundamental and comprehensive support for the application of carbon fiber epoxy resin in aircraft industry.

show abstract

The Toxicological Testing and Thermal Decomposition of Drive and Transport Belts Made of Thermoplastic Multilayer Polymer Materials

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

Chemical compounds released by combustion of polymer composites flat belts

Chemical compounds released by combustion of polymer composites flat belts

Geometric Specification of Non-Circular Pulleys Made with Various Additive Manufacturing Techniques

Mechanism Identification and Kinetics Analysis of Thermal Degradation for Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About